Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2016 


https://archive.org/details/contributionstos01unse 


s 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

Volume  I 


IRVING  PRESS 
NEW  YORK 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 


The  George  G.  Heye  Expedition 


The  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 
A Preliminary  Report 

BY 

MARSHALL  H.  SAVILLE 

Loubat  Professor  of  American  Archeology 
Columbia  University 


NEW  YORK 


1907 


This  edition  is  limited  to  300  copies, 


of  which  this  is  No. 


The  archeological  researches  in  the  northwestern  part  of 
South  America,  described  in  this  monograph,  were  undertaken 
by  the  winter  with  the  financial  support  and  co-operation  of 
George  G.  Heye,  Esq.,  of  New  York  City.  The  plan  of  the 
work  is  to  collect  and  publish  data  relating  to  the  precolumbian 
inhabitants  of  the  entire  region  lying  between  Peru  and 
Panama. 


CONTENTS 


Page 

Preface vii 

Introduction 1 

Geography  and  Description  of  the  Province 5 

Historical  Accounts  of  the  Spanish  Conquest  and  of  the  Natives 8 

Archeology 16 

Wells 16 

Ruins 19 

Stone  Seats 23 

Human  Figures 49 

Animal  Figures 56 

Column  on  Animal’s  Back - 57 

Animal  on  Column 58 

Columns 59 

Quadrangular  Sculptures 61 

Bas-Reliefs 61 

Resonant  Stone 67 

Metates 68 

Emeralds 69 

Gold,  Silver,  and  Copper 70 

Ceramics 73 

Pottery  Vessels 74 

Moulds 75 

Stamps 76 

Spindle- Whorls 76 

Whistles 77 

Human  Figures 80 

Human  Heads 81 

Animal  Heads 82 

Appendix 83 

Notes 85 

Bibliography 121 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 


Fio. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 
9 


FIGURES 

Page 

39 

56 

57 

60 

60 

62 

63 

63 

- - - 75 


PLATES 

Plate 

I House  in  Monte  Cristi:  Cerro  Bravo  in  the  background. 

^ Hotel  in  Monte  Cristi : Hill  of  Monte  Cristi  in  the  background. 

] House  in  Monte  Cristi. 

\ Town  of  Picoaza. 

j Ruins  of  Hoixses  in  the  Cerro  de  Hojas  where  stone  seats  are  found. 
IV  Seat  from  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 

V Seat  from  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 

VI  Seat  from  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 

VII  Seat  from  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 

VIII  Seat  from  Cerro  de  Hojas. 

IX  Seats  from  Cerro  de  Hojas. 

X Seats  from  Cerro  de  Hojas. 

XI  Seats  from  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 

XII  Seats  from  Cerro  Jupa  and  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 

XIII  Seats  from  Cerro  de  Hojas  and  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 

XIV  Broken  Seats  from  Cerro  de  Hojas. 

XV  Seat  from  Cerro  Agua  Xuevo. 

XVI  Seat  from  Cerro  de  Hojas. 

XVII  Small  Seats  from  Cerro  de  Hojas  and  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 

XVIII  Seats  from  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 

XIX  Seats  from  Cerro  Jaboncillo  and  Cerro  de  Hojas. 


Plate 

XX 

XXI 

XXII 

XXIII 

XXIV 
XXV 

XXVI 

XXVII 

XXVIII 

XXIX 

XXX 

XXXI 

XXXII 

XXXIII 

XXXIV 

XXXV 

XXXVI 

XXXVII 

XXXVIII 

XXXIX 


Seats  from  Cerro  Jupa. 

Seats  from  Cerro  Jupa  and  Cerro  Agua  Nuevo. 

Seats  from  Cerro  de  Hojas. 

Seat  from  Cerro  de  Hojas. 

Seat  from  Cerro  de  Hojas. 

Seat  from  Cerro  Agua  Nuevo. 

Seat  from  Cerro  Jupa. 

Seats  from  Cerro  Jaboncillo  and  Cerro  Agua  Nuevo. 
Human  Figures  from  Cerro  de  Hojas. 

Huiu an  Figures  from  Cerro  de  Hojas. 

Human  Figures  from  Cerro  de  Hojas. 

Animal  Figure  from  Cerro  de  Hojas. 

Animal  Sculptures  from  Cerro  de  Hojas. 

Columns  from  Cerro  de  Hojas. 

Columns  from  Cerro  de  Hojas. 

Bas-reliefs  from  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 

Bas-reliefs  from  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 

Fragments  of  Bas-reliefs  from  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 
Bas-relief  from  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 

Bas-relief  from  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 


XL  Metates  and  Hand-stones  from  Cerro  de  Hojas. 
XLI  Copper  Discs  from  Manantial. 

XLII  Copper  Objects,  Pottery  Vessels,  and  Stamps. 
XLIII  Designs  on  Spindle-whorls. 

XLIV  Designs  on  Si>indle-whorls. 

XLV  Designs  on  Spindle-whorls. 

XLVI  Designs  on  Spindle-whorls. 

XLVII  Designs  on  Spindle-whorls. 

XLVIII  Designs  on  Spindle-whorls. 

XLIX  Whistles. 

L Whistles. 

LI  Human  Figures. 

LII  Human  Heads. 

LIII  Human  Heads. 

LIV  Human  Heads  and  Fragment  of  Vessel. 

LV  Animal  Heads. 


The  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


INTRODUCTION 

The  western  coast  of  South  America,  north  of  Peru,  which  includes 
the  coast  provinces  of  Ecuador  and  Colombia,  is  very  little  known  arche- 
ologically,  and  but  few  collections  have  been  made  in  this  entire  region : 
the  same  is  true  of  the  vast  interior  table-lands  which  run  from  south  to 
north  between  the  western  and  the  eastern  ranges  of  the  Andes.  In 
prehistoric  times  this  great  region  was  occupied  by  various  tribes  with 
different  degrees  of  culture.  To  the  north,  in  Colombia,  we  find  the 
remains  of  the  Ohibchas,  whose  territory  was  well  to  the  east  of  the  eastern 
range  of  mountains  (the  city  of  Bogota  is  practically  in  the  centre  of  this 
old-culture  area) ; to  the  west,  in  the  Cauca  Y alley,  are  the  remains  of 
the  Quimbayas ; a little  to  the  north,  in  the  state  of  Antioquia,  are 
numerous  evidences  of  another  ancient  culture ; in  the  southern  part  of 
the  Cauca  Valley,  around  Cali  and  the  city  of  Popayan,  are  the  remains 
of  an  equally  independent  culture.  In  the  state  of  Antioquia  the  limits 
of  the  northern  culture  are  not  well  defined.  In  the  northwest,  towards 
Darien  and  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  are  dense  and  humid  forests,  which 
probably  never  supported  any  great  number  of  natives : this  region  inter- 
venes between  the  province  of  Chiriqui,  now  in  the  Republic  of  Panama, 
and  the  seat  of  ancient  culture  in  Antioquia.  It  is  a well-known  fact  that 
the  Nahuas  of  Mexico  from  time  to  time  sent  out  various  colonies,  which 
settled  along  the  west  coast  of  Central  America,  in  the  interior  of  Costa 
Rica,  and  their  southernmost  settlement  was  on  the  Chiriqui  lagoon. 
South  of  Popayan  we  come  into  the  immediate  confines  of  the  Republic 
of  Ecuador;  and  in  this  great  region  the  Quichuas,  or,  as  they  are  com- 
monly known,  Incas,  extended  their  influence  from  Peru  northward 
during  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century,  and  established  themselves  in 
Quito.  Thus  we  have  the  influence  of  the  ancient  Mexicans  separated  from 
that  of  the  ancient  Peruvians  by  the  stretch  of  land  extending  from  Quito 
northward  to  the  Isthmus  of  Panama. 


2 Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

In  Ecuador  it  is  safe  to  assume  that  before  the  Peruvians  entered  the 
country  there  were  at  least  five  different  centres  of  culture.  The  people 
of  the  northernmost  centre  inhabited  the  province  of  Imbabura,  which  is 
between  Quito  and  Popayan ; Quito  itself  was  the  centre  of  another 
ancient  culture,  — the  Caras.  To  the  south  we  find,  near  Riobamba,  the 
remains  of  the  Puruhas;  still  farther  to  the  south,  in  the  mountains  of 
Azuay  (around  Cuenca,  Canar,  Chordeleg,  and  Sigsig),  are  the  remains  of 
the  Canaris.  This  latter  centre  of  culture  was  presumably  much  more 
influenced  by  Inca  civilization  than  were  the  centres  of  the  north, 
being  much  nearer  to  the  northern  frontier  of  Peru.  On  the  coast  we 
find  the  remains  of  two  entirely  different  cultures.  In  the  province  of 
Manabi,  in  a dry  and  arid  strip  extending  from  the  equator  south  toAvards 
Guayaquil,  there  developed  a unique  civilization  which  apparently  suffered 
but  little  from  Incasic  influence:  the  limits  of  this  culture  are  not  Avell 
determined.  In  northern  Manabi  and  along  the  coast  of  the  province  of 
Esmeraldas  there  are  the  remains  of  another  distinct  culture.  In  fact, 
this  great  region,  extending  north  from  the  frontier  of  Peru  to  the  Isthmus 
of  Panama,  has  as  yet  been  but  imperfectly  studied,  and  there  are  no 
adequate  archeological  collections  illustrating  the  state  of  civilization 
reached  in  precolumbian  times  in  this  part  of  South  America. 

For  the  reasons  mentioned  above,  it  was  planned  to  make  a general 
trip  through  the  entire  region  during  the  summer  of  1906,  visiting  the  coast 
region  of  Manabi,  and  thence  journeying  into  the  interior  from  Riobamba 
northward,  — passing  through  Quito,  Ibarra,  Popayan,  Cali,  and  Cartago  in 
the  Quimbaya  region  of  the  Cauca  Yalley,  — then  penetrating  into  the  state 
of  Antioquia,  in  order  to  obtain  such  information  and  material  as  could  be 
gathered  in  the  short  space  of  a four-months’  trip,  to  be  supplemented  by 
photographs  of  various  archeological  objects  and  of  ruins  which  might  be 
found  during  the  journey.  This  plan  proved  altogether  too  ambitious  an 
undertaking  for  a single  summer’s  work,  and,  on  our  arrival  on  the  coast 
of  Manabi,  it  was  found  advisable  to  limit  our  travels  and  observations  to 
Ecuador : consequently  we  remained  six  weeks  investigating  the  ruins  and 
antiquities  of  the  province  of  Manabi.  Later  a trip  was  made  into  the 
interior,  taking  the  railroad  from  Guayaquil  to  Riobamba,  where  we 
remained  six  Aveeks,  carrying  on  the  same  class  of  investigations,  and 
visiting  the  outlying  pueblos,  where  the  remains  of  the  Puruhas  are  to  be 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador  3 

found.  Later  a trip  was  made  from  Kiobamba  to  Moclia,  Ambato,  Lata- 
cunga,  Quito,  and  Perucho.  We  succeeded  in  obtaining  considerable 
information  regarding  tlie  archeology  of  two  centres  of  culture ; namely, 
Manabi,  and  the  region  of  the  Puruhas,  in  the  vicinity  of  Riobamba. 

Foster  H.  Saville — who  had  previous  experience  in  archeological  work 
in  Mexico,  having  been  a member  of  three  Loubat  expeditions  in  the  state 
of  Oaxaca  — was  assistant  on  the  present  expedition.  We  left  New  York 
early  in  May,  which  enabled  us  to  reach  Ecuador  shortly  after  the  end  of 
the  rainy  season.  After  the  trip  of  seven  days  from  New  York  to  Colon, 
and  the  two  hours  and  a half  trip  by  rail  across  the  Isthmus  to  Panama, 
it  was  found  that  the  boats  southward  from  that  port  did  not  connect 
with  any  of  the  three  lines  arriving  in  Colon  from  the  United  States. 
Therefore  we  were  obliged  to  remain  five  days  on  the  Isthmus  in  order 
to  make  connections  with  the  coast  steamer,  our  objective  point  being 
Manta,  the  seaport  of  the  province  of  Manabi  and  the  second  largest 
port  in  Ecuador. 

On  the  evening  of  the  second  day  after  sailing  from  Panama,  we  arrived 
at  the  entrance  of  the  Bay  of  Buenaventura.  The  next  morning  we  pro- 
ceeded up  the  bay  about  eight  miles  to  Buenaventura,  the  most  important 
Colombian  seaport  on  the  Pacific  coast.  It  is  situated  on  an  island  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Dagua,  and  is  one  of  the  most  forlorn  and  desolate 
places  we  found  in  the  tropics.  The  climate  is  extremely  humid,  and  the 
narrow  streets  are  usually  ankle-deep  in  mud.  During  the  three  days  we 
were  obliged  to  remain  in  Buenaventura  we  rarely  saw  the  sun,  as  it  rained 
almost  constantly.  There  is  a cable  station  here,  and  a railroad,  which  runs 
inland  as  far  as  the  small  village  of  Cordova.  The  control  of  this  railroad 
has  passed  into  American  hands,  and  vigorous  work  is  being  done  to  extend 
it  to  Cali,  which  is  between  the  western  and  central  ranges  of  the  Andes  in 
the  great  Cauca  Valley.  When  this  railroad  is  completed,  it  will  open  up 
perhaps  the  most  fertile  valley,  and  certainly  one  of  the  richest  regions  for 
agriculture  and  mining,  to  be  found  in  any  part  of  western  South  America. 
At  present  it  extends  about  twenty-five  miles,  and  has  not  yet  reached  the 
foothills  of  the  western  Andean  range.  It  is  to  be  standard  gauge,  and  the 
engineers  expect  that  in  two  years  the  city  of  Cali  will  be  reached. 

A few  hours  after  leaving  Buenaventura,  the  Island  of  Gallo  was 
passed.  This  island  will  be  remembered  in  connection  witli  the  conquest 


4 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 


of  Peru  by  Pizarro.  It  is  related  that  on  this  desolate  spot  the  soldiers 
and  sailors,  becoming  discouraged  with  the  difficulties  'of  the  voyage  for- 
ward, wished  to  retreat,  and  that  Pizarro,  tracing  a line  on  the  sand  from 
east  to  west,  declared  his  intention  to  go  forward,  and  stepping  over  the  line 
was  soon  followed  by  others:  thus  the  tide  of  discontent  was  turned,  and 
the  expedition  proceeded  on  its  way.  In  the  afternoon  we  arrived  at  the 
port  of  Tumaco,  the  southernmost  in  Colombia,  not  far  distant  from  the 
northern  frontier  of  Ecuador.  The  entrance  to  this  little  town  is  one  of 
the  most  picturesque  imaginable.  There  is  a high  island,  called  El  Morro, 
with  steep  wooded  slopes,  which  we  had  to  steam  around  before  a glimpse 
of  the  town  was  obtained.  The  town  itself  differs  but  little  from  the  ordi- 
nary west  coast  towns  of  South  America. 

Sailing  all  night,  we  arrived  at  Esmeraldas,  the  northernmost  port  in 
Ecuador,  at  eight  o’clock  in  the  morning,  anchoring  several  miles  from  the 
shore.  Esmeraldas  lies  on  the  southern  bank  of  the  Rio  Esmeraldas,  and 
the  entrance  and  river  itself  are  full  of  flats  and  reefs.  This  town  was 
quite  severely  shaken  by  earthquakes  in  February,  1906,  and  a number 
of  the  houses  were  seen  in  total  ruin.  An  important  industry  here  is  the 
making  of  cigars,  the  Esmeraldas  tobacco  being  the  best  flavored  and  the 
most  appreciated  of  any  tobacco  raised  on  the  west  coast  of  South  America. 
A glimpse  was  obtained  of  several  of  the  Cayapas  Indians,  who  had  come 
to  Esmeraldas  from  their  forest  homes  in  the  interior,  near  the  Cayapas 
River.  They  are  probably  the  descendants  of  the  earliest  inhabitants  of 
this  part  of  the  country,  and  have  never  been  Christianized,  speaking  their 
own  language,  preserving  their  own  customs,  and  living  in  the  forests, 
isolated  and  remote  from  white  settlements. 

At  sunrise  the  next  morning  we  crossed  the  equator,  and  arrived  at 
Bahia  a few  hours  later,  where  we  remained  all  day,  unloading  cargo. 
This  town  is  at  the  beginning  of  the  arid  zone  of  Manabi,  and  is  but  a short 
distance  north  of  Manta.  Leaving  Bahia  the  following  morning,  shortly 
before  noon,  we  arrived  at  Manta  four  hours  later;  this  being  our  point 
of  destination.  There  are  no  piers  or  wharfs  in  Manta,  and  steamers  come  to 
anchor  a mile  or  more  from  the  shore.  All  baggage  goes  to  the  land  in 
lighters,  and  passengers  in  small  boats,  which  do  not  come  to  the  beach,  but 
from  which  baggage  and  freight  have  to  be  carried  on  men’s  backs  to 
the  shore,  and  passengers,  in  the  arms  of  sailors,  to  the  beach. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


5 


GEOGRAPHY1 

The  province  of  Manabi,  on  the  Ecuadorian  coast,  is  crossed  by  the 
equator  near  its  northern  frontier.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the 
province  of  Esmeraldas,  on  the  east  by  the  provinces  of  Pichincha  and 
Guayas,  on  the  south  by  Guayas,  and  on  the  west  by  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
It  has  an  area  of  20,442  square  kilometres,  and  a population  of  less  than 
a hundred  thousand.  Its  territory  is  moderately  mountainous,  without  any 
high  peaks.  Year  the  coast  the  greater  part  is  covered  with  a light  forest 
growth,  and  other  portions  by  meadows.  There  are  but  few  streams  which 
cross  Manabi;  the  principal  rivers  being  the  Porto  Viejo,  Ohone,  Jama, 
and  Cuaque.  In  the  interior  mountains  are  the  headwaters  of  the  Haule 
and  Quininde  Rivers,  which  Aoav  into  the  Pacific  near  Guayaquil.  This 
province  has  the  interesting  feature  of  having  an  arid  strip  between  the 
humid  region,  which  extends  along  the  Pacific  coast  of  South  America 
from  Panama  to  the  northern  parts  of  Manabi,  and  its  southern  frontier, 
which  is  in  a short  humid  belt  extending  nearly  to  Guayaquil.  The  land 
appears  from  the  sea  to  be  gray  and  desert-like,  and  glimpses  are  had  of 
the  low  ranges  of  mountains,  running  approximately  north  and  south, 
which  begin  about  twenty  miles  from  the  coast.  Farther  inland  the  moun- 
tains rise  to  a greater  height:  they  are  really  the  coast  foothills  of  the 
great  Andean  range.  While  the  greater  part  of  the  province  is  arid,  yet 
the  hills,  like  the  Cerro  de  Hojas,  which  rise  to  the  height  of  a thousand 
feet  and  upwards,  are  peculiar  in  having  a dense  tropical  fauna  and  flora : 
this  is  due  to  the  fact  that  they  catch  the  moisture  from  the  clouds,  and 
their  summits  are  covered  nightly  by  dense  fogs.  The  climate  of  the 
province  is  very  agreeable.  On  the  coast  the  prevailing  winds  are  from 
the  west,  and  at  night  the  temperature  seldom  rises  above  70°F.  There  is 
but  little  humidity,  and  it  is  extraordinary  to  find  directly  on  the  equator, 
at  sea-level,  a region  so  entirely  unlike  what  would  naturally  be  expected. 

The  principal  products  are  cacao,  coffee,  sugar-cane,  tobacco,  india- 
rubber,  cotton,  fine-grained  and  hard  woods,  various  textile  plants,  and  a 
great  variety  of  vegetables.  The  chief  product,  however,  is  the  tagua,  or 
ivory-nut,  which  is  the  best  and  closest  grained  found  anywhere  in  the 
world.  These  nuts  are  from  the  corozo-tree,  PTiyteleptias.  It  resembles 


6 Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

the  palm,  with  large,  wide  leaves  spreading  out  from  the  top.  The  nuts 
come  from  the  flowers,  and  grow  on  the  tree  just  where  the  palm-like 
leaves  spread  from  the  trunk.  They  drop  to  the  ground,  and  then  are 
gathered  by  the  natives  for  commerce.  Hundreds  of  thousands  of  sacks 
are  exported  from  Manabi  yearly,  and  this  vegetable  ivory  is  used  for 
making  buttons.  The  greater  part  of  this  product  is  sent  to  Germany. 

The  principal  industries  are  agriculture,  fishing,  and  the  manufacture 
of  saddle-bags,  hammocks,  mats,  etc.  Manabi  is  famous  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  Panama  hats,  those  from  Monte  Cristi  being  the  finest  in  the  world : 
the  most  skilful  workers  often  receive  seventy-five  dollars,  gold,  for  their 
best  hats.  The  grass  from  which  these  hats  are  made  is  called  Toquilla , 
and  the  fibre  is  tougher  than  that  from  any  other  part  of  South  America. 
This  is,  perhaps,  due  to  the  arid  soil,  as  we  find  the  same  conditions  in 
Yucatan,  where  the  finest  hemp  from  the  agave-plant  is  obtained  in  the 
rather  arid  part  of  the  peninsula.  Salt  and  lime  are  found  in  the  province; 
and  there  are,  undoubtedly,  valuable  minerals,  and  possibly  emeralds,  no 
mines  of  which  have  been  developed.  In  fact,  the  geography  and  geology 
of  Manabi  are  but  imperfectly  known,  less  so,  perhaps,  than  they  are  in 
any  other  coast  province  of  South  America,  and  the  rich  deposits  of  the 
region  have  not  been  worked. 

The  capital  is  Porto  Viejo,  a city  about  twenty  miles  from  the  coast. 
It  has  five  thousand  inhabitants,  two  churches,  a college  for  boys  and  a 
college  for  girls,  a school  of  art,  and  various  government  buildings. 

Manta,  on  account  of  its  position  as  a seaport,  is  the  most  important 
town  in  the  province,  and  has  the  first  lighthouse  on  the  South  American 
coast  south  of  Panama.  It  is  a port  of  entry,  and  has  a custom-house, 
a number  of  large  business-houses,  and  a church,  where  services  are  held 
once  a year.  Pearl-fishing  was  formerly  an  important  industry  here,  but 
it  has  been  wholly  abandoned.  The  water  swarms  with  splendid  food-fish, 
and  there  are  many  lobsters ; but  the  latter  are  seldom  caught,  the  people 
apparently  preferring  the  tinned  article,  which  is  sold  in  many  shops.  The 
name  of  Manta  is  supposed  to  have  been  given  on  account  of  the  great 
number  of  mantas  which  abound  in  the  sea  off  the  coast.  They  belong  to  the 
ray  or  skate  family,  and  are  often  of  large  size.  The  fish  which  are  caught 
are  rarely  sent  inland  to  Monte  Cristi  and  Porto  Viejo.  The  fishermen  live 
in  a settlement  by  themselves,  of  about  fifty  houses,  just  east  of  the  town. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


7 


Monte  Cristi  is  three  leagues  to  the  south  of  Manta,  at  the  northern 
base  of  the  hill  of  the  same  name,  which  rises  about  sixteen  hundred  feet. 
It  has  about  two  thousand  inhabitants,  and  there  is  a college  for  boys  and 
a church,  where  services  are  held  only  during  the  festival  of  San  Pablo, 
the  patron  saint  of  the  town.  At  that  time  (in  the  month  of  June)  they 
have  an  interesting  festival,  quite  spectacular  in  character,  which  has 
certain  elements  derived  from  Indian  and  Negro  sources. 

The  province  is  divided  into  seven  cantons,  as  follows:  Porto  Viejo, 
Monte  Cristi,  Jipijapa,  Rocafuerte,  Santa  Ana,  Sucre,  and  Clione.  Manabi 
has  two  principal  seaports;  namely,  Manta  and  Bahia  de  Caraques,  and 
two  smaller  ports,  Cayo  and  Manglar  Alto.  The  largest  island  off  the 
coast  is  La  Plata,  about  nine  miles  from  the  mainland  and  about  fifteen 
miles  southwest  of  Manta. 

At  the  present  time  there  are  no  Indians,  so  far  as  we  know,  in 
Manabi.  Spanish  is  now  universally  spoken,  and  the  people  are  a mixture 
of  white,  negro,  and  Indian ; the  greater  number  being  known  as  Cholos 
and  Sambos.  There  are  but  few  pure  white-blood  people  in  the  whole 
region. 

Nearly  all  of  the  houses  are  raised  on  poles,  as  will  be  seen  in  Plates 
I,  II,  and  III.  They  are  made  of  bamboo,  with  thatched  roofs.  In  the 
larger  towns  a few  are  plastered,  and  have  corrugated  iron  roofs.  The 
better  class  of  houses  are  enclosed  on  the  ground-floor,  the  lower  story 
being  used  for  storehouses  and  shops,  with  the  living-rooms  in  the  second 
story.  There  is  but  little  wealth  to  be  found  in  the  whole  province,  the 
people  generally  being  miserably  poor,  but  contented ; and  they  are  found, 
as  a rule,  to  be  trustworthy,  generous,  and  kind-hearted.  There  are  but 
few  carriage-roads,  and  transportation  is  generally  on  horseback,  while 
many  of  the  natives  are  porters.  The  llama  is  not  known  in  the  province. 
There  is  telegraph  connection  with  the  outer  world  in  all  of  the  larger 
towns.  Connection  with  the  interior  of  Ecuador  is  entirely  by  steamer 
from  the  seaports  to  Guayaquil.  In  all  of  the  seaports  there  are  German 
merchants,  their  establishments  being  principally  for  the  exportation  of 
the  ivory-nut,  Panama  hats,  and  hides. 


8 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 


HISTORICAL  ACCOUNTS  OF  THE  SPANISH 
CONQUEST  AND  OF  THE  NATIVES 

The  history  of  the  provinces  of  Manabi  and  Esmeraldas  has  never 
been  written ; yet,  from  a historical  standpoint,  it  is  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant regions  in  South  America.  Here  the  Spaniards,  first  received  definite 
information  of  the  so-called  Peruvian  Empire. 

From  the  works  of  Cieza  de  Leon,  Zarate,8  Garcilasso  de  la  Vega, 
Xerez,3  Montesinos,4  Benzoni,  and  the  u2a  parte  de  la  descripcion  de  Guaya- 
quil en  que  se  trata  de  la  ciudad  de  Puerto  Viejo  y su  distrito,”5  we  learn 
much  concerning  the  precolumbian  inhabitants  of  the  region  and  their 
customs,  which  hears  directly  upon  the  archeology  of  the  province.  The 
narratives  of  Cieza  de  Leon,6  Garcilasso  de  la  Vega,7  and  Benzoni,8  are 
given  in  full  in  the  Appendix  to  this  monograph.  They  are  the  most  valu- 
able contemporary  accounts  which  we  have  of  the  history  and  traditions  of 
the  natives. 

Regarding  the  earliest  settlement  of  the  Ecuadorian  coast  we  know 
nothing.  The  first  certain  knowledge  we  have  about  the  natives  of  this 
part  of  the  country  relates  to  the  Caras.  On  this  point,  Wolf  writes  as  fol- 
lows : “ Among  the  natives  of  the  maritime  coast  we  may  distinguish  one 
from  all  the  rest  by  many  signs,  the  Cara  nation.  If  the  others  are  con- 
sidered as  natives  from  time  immemorial,  the  Cara  nation  were  strangers, 
coming  by  sea  in  an  epoch  not  very  far  distant,  perhaps  during  the  sixth 
or  seventh  centuries  of  our  era.  They  were  a bellicose  and  conquering 
people,  and  in  all  of  their  culture  very  superior  to  the  barbarous  tribes 
over  whose  lands  they  extended  little  by  little.  The  first  theatre  of  action 
of  the  Caras  after  their  arrival  was  Manabi  from  the  Bay  of  Caraques  to 
Manta,  and  it  is  said  that  here  they  founded  a city.  The  history  of  their 
exploits,  migrations,  and  conquests  on  the  coast,  remains  involved  in  the 
most  complete  obscurity,  and  we  only  know  that  little  by  little  they  com- 
pletely abandoned  the  coast  of  Manabi,  extending  towards  the  north  by 
Atacames  and  Esmeraldas,  and  penetrating  by  rivers  to  the  territory  of 
Quito.  As  a most  plausible  motive  for  these  constant  migrations,  Velasco 
and  other  historians  present  the  circumstances  of  their  first  territory  being 
unhealthy,  but  we  are  not  able  to  agree  in  this,  because  they  migrated 


Saville : Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


9 


from  coasts  very  healtliy,  to  humid  and  unhealthy  forests ; before  all,  it 
seems  that  we  should  hunt  for  the  motive  in  the  character  of  the  race, 
which  is  presented  as  nomadic,  unstable,  adventurous,  and  conquering. 
Neither  do  we  know  if  all  the  nation  took  part  in  these  migrations,  or  only 
a part,  the  rest  remaining  in  Manabi  in  their  first  settlements.  Yelasco 
affirms  that  the  other  surrounding  tribes  occupied  later  the  abandoned  ter- 
ritory, and  they  were  also  called,  improperly,  Caras ; but  the  most  sure 
signs  may  be  searched  for  in  the  geographic  names  which  remain.”9 

This  desert-like  country  was  at  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era, 
according  to  Yelasco,  invaded  by  giants.  This  date  is  of  no  historical 
value,  and  is  apparently  a mere  conjecture  on  the  part  of  Yelasco. 
Bandelier  quotes  from  the  unpublished  work  of  Gutierrez,  who  places  this 
invasion  during  the  fifteenth  century.10  This  is  improbable  from  the  very 
nature  of  the  tradition  itself,  and  is  not  borne  out  by  the  statements  of  the 
most  reliable  authorities.  Tradition  states  that  these  giants  landed  on  the 
coast  at  the  point  of  Santa  Elena,  coming  in  large  boats  or  balsas.11  It  is 
related  that  their  coming  was  during  the  time  when  the  Caras  were  in  this 
region.  The  tradition  of  the  landing  of  the  giants  was  universal  among 
the  Indians  at  the  time  of  the  conquest,  and  is  mentioned  by  all  writers. 
Zarate  says  that  but  little  credit  was  given  to  these  reports,  until  the  year 
1543,  when  the  Governor  of  Porto  Yiejo,  Captain  Juan  de  Olmos,  caused 
excavations  to  be  made,  and  great  ribs  and  other  bones  were  found,  which 
convinced  them  of  the  truth  of  these  stories.12  Concerning  this  early 
settlement  of  the  coast  by  giants,  Bandelier,  in  his  recently  published 
paper,  “ Traditions  of  Precolumbian  Earthquakes  and  Yolcanic  Eruptions 
in  Western  South  America,”  has  brought  together  many  notices  about  this 
landing.13  Zarate’s  statement  — that  the  Spaniards  saw  in  Porto  Yiejo 
massive  sculptured  figures  of  these  giants,  one  of  a man,  the  other  of  a 
woman  — is  referred  to  by  Bandelier,  who  conjectures  that  there  is  a possi- 
bility that  the  “ stone  seats  or  benches,  of  which  there  are  several  in  various 
museums,  representing  usually  a human  figure  on  all-fours  bearing  on  the 
back  a seat  of  some  form,  are  perhaps  related  to  the  ‘bulto  destos  gigantes’ 
alluded  to  by  Zarate.  These  seats  come  from  the  same  region.”  In  view  of 
the  number  of  sculptures  brought  together  in  this  collection,  it  does  not  seem 
necessary  to  connect  the  stone  idols  and  figures  with  the  seats.  At  the  same 
time,  it  is  strange  and  almost  incredible,  that,  had  the  Spaniards  visited  the 


10  Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

various  hills  where  the  seats  are  found,  they  should  not  have  mentioned  them, 
as  they  are  so  different  from  any  other  sculptures  in  South  America.  They 
did  mention  figures  of  men  and  women,  hence  it  is  probable  that  they  saw 
sculptures  of  the  type  in  the  collection  herein  described.  It  has  long  been 
known  that  the  Indians,  finding  large  bones,  supposed  them  to  be  those  of 
giants.  The  existence  of  mastodon-bones  in  this  region,  and  their  bearing 
on  this  tradition,  have  been  shown  by  Bollaert,  Cevallos,  Suarez,  and  Wolf 
in  their  studies,  and  we  found  many  opportunities  to  obtain  portions  of 
mastodon-skeletons  during  the  summer  of  1906. 

It  is  probable  that  these  stories  about  the  giants  refer  to  the  landing 
of  some  barbarous  and  warlike  people  who  came  at  a remote  time  in  the 
past.  Archeological  remains  show  that  there  formerly  lived  in  this  region 
a sedentary  people  who  were  well  advanced  in  culture.  These  remains 
are  treated  in  the  archeological  section  of  this  monograph.  Whether  they 
are  to  be  attributed  to  the  Caras,  or  to  those  who  remained  in  the  country 
after  being  under  their  influence,  it  is  impossible  to  affirm. 

Juan  and  Ulloa,  and  others,  state  that  during  the  reign  of  Tupac 
Inca  Yupanqui,  who  was  the  ruler  of  the  Quichuas  from  1439  to  1475, 
there  arrived  messengers  from  the  province  of  Porto  Viejo  and  adjacent 
provinces,  supplicating  that  they  be  received  as  vassals,  and  that  he  send 
governors  and  persons  who  would  give  instruction  and  cultivation  to  the 
country  which  they  inhabited.  The  Inca  sent  masters  to  civilize  these 
people  in  order  to  give  them  the  same  standing  that  the  other  states  had : 
as  soon  as  these  messengers  arrived,  it  is  said  that  the  natives  armed  them- 
selves against  them,  and  killed  them.14 

From  the  account  of  Cieza  de  Leon  in  the  second  part  of  the  Chron- 
icle of  Peru,  we  learn  that  the  son  of  Tupac  Inca  Yupanqui,  Huayna 
Capac,  who  reigned  from  1475  to  1525, 15  before  he  accomplished  the 
subjugation  of  Quito,  “ sent  captains  with  a sufficient  force  to  explore 
the  seacoast  in  a northerly  direction  and  to  bring  under  the  Inca’s  domin- 
ion the  natives  of  Guayaquil  and  Porto  Viejo.  The  captains  marched  into 
this  district,  where  they  waged  war  and  fought  some  battles,  sometimes 
being  victorious  and  at  others  sustaining  reverses;  thus  they  advanced  as 
far  as  Collique,  where  they  met  with  people  who  went  about  naked,  and  fed 
on  human  flesh,  having  the  customs  which  are  now  practised  and  used  by 
the  dwellers  on  the  river  of  San  Juan:  from  this  point  they  returned,  not 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador  11 

wishing  to  penetrate  farther,  but  to  report  what  they  had  done  to  the 
king.”  Cieza  de  Leon  states  that  Huayna  Capac,  after  he  had  completed 
the  conquest  of  Quito,  heard  from  his  principal  chiefs  who  had  served  in 
that  war,  and,  “ feeling  that  all  was  peacefully  settled  in  the  mountainous 
provinces,  he  thought  it  would  be  well  to  take  a journey  to  the  province  of 
Porto  Viejo,  to  that  which  we  call  Guayaquil,  and  to  the  Valleys  of  the 
Yuncas;  the  captains  and  the  principal  men  of  his  council  approved  the 
thought,  and  advised  that  it  should  be  put  into  execution.  Many  troops 
remained  in  Quito;  the  Inca  set  forth,  with  a considerable  force,  and 
entered  these  lands,  where  he  had  some  skirmishes  with  the  natives,  but 
eventually  one  after  another  submitted,  and  governments,  with  mitimaes 
[colonists],  were  established.”16 

Velasco  states,  regarding  the  subjugation  of  Manabi  by  Huayna 
Capac,  that  “ among  the  numerous  factions  in  the  province  of  Manta  was 
one  of  the  Pichunsis,  who  were  absolutely  dissolute,  having  inherited  their 
vices  from  the  giants.  It  appears  that  Huayna  Capac  subjugated  this 
territory  as  far  as  Cuaques  along  the  coast  and  a great  number  of  the 
‘nations’  of  the  interior  of  the  land.  He  arrived  personally  as  far  as 
Colima  [Cojime  ?],  where  he  commanded  that  a fortress  should  be  made, 
and  left  some  people  to  carry  out  his  orders  and  to  instruct  the  Indians.” 17 
It  is  thus  evident  that  the  Peruvians  came  very  late  into  this  region,  and 
consequently  exercised  but  little  influence  on  the  culture  of  the  people  of 
the  coast.  It  is  safe  to  assume  that  the  material  in  the  collection  now  to 
be  described  pertained  to  a people  almost  untouched  by  Inca  ideas.  As 
Suarez  remarks,  “ The  Incas  touched  the  province  of  Manabi,  but  their 
dominion  over  the  people  was  short,  and  without  any  considerable  in- 
fluence.”18 Whether  the  comparatively  high  culture  which  is  evidenced 
by  the  sculptures  is  indigenous  to  this  region,  or  whether  the  people  came 
with  their  civilization  already  well  advanced,  are  questions  difficult  to 
answer.  The  unique  features  seen  in  the  sculptures  seem  to  point  to  a 
development  of  the  culture  on  the  soil.  With  one  or  two  exceptions, 
which  will  be  pointed  out  later,  the  characteristic  sculptures  are  not  found 
elsewhere,  nor  are  there  any  others  in  ancient  America  at  all  approach- 
ing them  in  concept. 

Spanish  influence  dates  from  the  year  1526,  when  Francisco  Pizarro, 
on  his  second  expedition  from  Panama,  sent  the  pilot,  Bartolome  Ruiz, 


12  Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

southward  from  the  Rio  de  San  Juan  to  explore  the  unknown  coast.  He 
reached  what  is  now  the  province  of  Esmeraldas,  and  discovered  three 
large  towns  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Esmeraldas,  where  he  was  received 
in  a friendly  manner.  He  saw  Indians  wearing  jewels  of  gold;  and  three 
who  came  to  receive  him  wore  gold  diadems  on  their  heads.  Ruiz 
remained  here  two  days,  then  sailed  southward,  following  the  coast  by  the 
province  of  Manabi ; he  crossed  the  equator,  and  rounded  Cape  Pasado 
just  above  Bahia  de  Caraques.  He  then  returned  northward,  and  joined 
Pizarro.  In  1527  Pizarro,  on  his  third  expedition,  skirted  the  coast  of 
Manabi  en  route  to  Tumbez  in  northern  Peru.  He  apparently  did  not 
make  any  landing  in  Manabi  on  this  voyage.  In  1531  Pizarro  was  again 
on  the  coast  of  Manabi.  He  cast  anchor  in  the  Bay  of  San  Mateo,  where 
he  disembarked  his  forces,  and  started  on  a march  down  the  coast  to 
Tumbez.19  Herrera  tells  us  that  the  Spaniards  were  well  received  in  the 
province,  and  that,  while  they  were  there,  Atahualpa,  who  had  taken  the 
crown  in  Tomebamba,  was  advised  of  the  progress  of  the  expedition.20 
When  they  arrived  in  the  vicinity  of  Manta,  the  soldiers  and  sailors, 
fatigued  by  the  long  journey,  wished  to  remain  there  and  establish  a 
colony ; but  Pizarro  would  not  consent  to  this,  and  resumed  his  march  to 
Tumbez.  In  1534  Pedro  de  Alvarado,  who  had  been  with  Oortez  in 
Mexico  and  was  the  conqueror  of  Guatemala,  landed  at  Bahia  de  Caraques 
in  order  to  march  to  Quito.  He  remained  there  a number  of  months: 
Sancho  says  three,21  while  others  state  that  he  was  in  Manabi  five  months 
before  beginning  the  march  into  the  interior.  He  had  with  him  a large  ex- 
pedition, composed  of  soldiers,  women,  negroes,  slaves,  and  many  Indians, 
some  brought  from  Guatemala,  and  others  taken  from  the  Manabi  towns. 

In  1535  Diego  de  Almagro  sent  Erancisco  Pacheco  from  San 
Miguel  Piura  in  Peru  to  Manabi,  in  order  to  establish  a town.  Cieza  de 
Leon  states  that  he  started  from  a village  called  Piquasa  (Picoaza),  and 
founded  the  city  of  Porto  Vie  jo  in  the  locality  which  appeared  to  him 
most  suitable,  on  the  12tli  of  March,  the  Day  of  St.  Gregory.  It  was  not 
far  from  the  sea,  and  in  one  of  the  best  parts  of  the  province.22  In  all  the 
early  accounts  concerning  the  discovery  and  colonization  of  Manabi,  the 
name  of  Manabi  does  not  appear,  but  it  is  usually  called  the  province  of 
Porto  Viejo.  Other  titles  were  Gobierno  de  Cara,  Tenencia  de  Porto 
Viejo,  Gobierno  de  Guayaquil,  and  Provincia  de  Manta.  In  “A  General 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


13 


Relation  of  the  Spanish  Populations  of  Peru,”  made  for  Salazar  de 
Villasante  by  an  anonymous  author  (written,  probably,  during  the  years 
1573  and  1574),  is  some  interesting  information  regarding  the  city  of  Porto 
Viejo  at  that  time.  From  this  report  it  seems  that  an  unsuccessful 
attempt  was  made  by  Santillan  in  1565  to  remove  the  city,  and  consolidate 
it  with  Manta.23  About  1628  both  Manta  and  Porto  Viejo  were  sacked 
and  destroyed  by  English  pirates.  The  town  of  Porto  Viejo  was  removed 
from  its  former  site,  which  is  now  not  definitely  known,  to  its  present 
location.  Monte  Cristi  was  settled  at  this  time  by  inhabitants  of  Manta, 
who  retired  to  the  foot  of  the  hill  of  Monte  Cristi,  and  established  the 
present  town.24  At  the  time  of  the  conquest  of  the  province,  and  for 
many  years  later,  there  were  a number  of  Indian  towns  which  have  now 
disappeared.  At  the  present  time  the  province  cannot  be  said  to  be  very 
thickly  settled.  In  a report  written  in  1591  is  a list  of  towns  with  the 
number  of  Indians  who  paid  tribute  each  year  to  the  Spanish  crown:  they 
nearly  all  bear  Indian  names,  and  but  few  exist  at  the  present  time.  The 
names  on  this  list,  of  towns  still  inhabited,  are  Picoacan  (Picoaza), 
Xipexapa  (Jipijapa),  Tocaguas  (Tosagua),  Toal  (Toalla),  Manta,  Monte 
Christo  (Monte  Cristi),  and  Charapoto.25 

A few  names  of  precolumbian  tribes  in  Manabi  have  been  handed 
down  to  us.  Velasco  writes,  that  the  giants  ate  a part  of  the  natives  who 
had  previously  been  inhabitants  of  that  country,  and  caused  the  rest  to 
retire.  After  the  disappearance  of  the  giants,  those  who  had  retired  came 
back.  They  were  divided  into  nine  tribes,  composed  of  the  residuum  of 
various  nations.  They  united  into  a single  tribe,  although  preserving  their 
proper  names,  which  were  Apichiquies,  Cancebis,  Charapotes,  Pichotes, 
Piclioasaes,  Pichunsis,  Manabies,  Jarahusas,  Jipijapas,  and  Mantas.26 
Ulloa  gives  us  other  names,  taken  from  Garcilasso  de  la  Vega,  in  the 
following  statement : “ Among  the  nations  living  on  this  coast  region 
may  be  distinguished  those  with  the  names  of  Apichiqui,  Picliunsi,  Sava, 
Pecllansimiqui,  and  Pampahuaci,  and  there  were  others,  more  savage 
than  any  who  had  been  up  to  that  time  conquered  by  the  Incas,  who  were 
named  Saramissu  and  Pampahuaci ; so  savage  were  these  last  two  named 
peoples,  that  the  Inca  did  not  deem  them  worthy  of  conquest.” 27 

It  is  difficult  to  gain  an  adequate  idea  of  the  appearance  of  Manabi 
towns,  and  the  customs  of  the  natives,  in  precolumbian  times.  In  the 


14  Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

extracts  from  the  early  Spanish  writers  given  in  the  notes  of  this  report, 
we  have  brought  together  all  of  importance  which  has  been  printed  np  to 
the  present  time.  There  may  he  unedited  manuscripts  in  the  libraries  and 
archives  of  Spain  which  may  throw  more  light  on  the  condition  of  this 
region  before  the  fifteenth  century.  The  accounts  of  Manabi  generally 
are  interwoven  with  that  which  relates  to  the  province  of  Esmeraldas, 
where  the  archeological  material  indicates  a different  culture  in  many 
respects.  The  material  obtained  by  Dorsey  from  the  Island  of  La  Plata, 
immediately  off  the  coast  of  Manabi,  resembles  hut  little  the  objects  from 
the  adjacent  coast. 

Some  observations  concerning  the  natives  may  be  cited  here.  It 
is  said  that  they  worshipped  the  sea,  fishes,  tigers,  lions,  snakes,  and  a 
great  emerald.  Their  temples  or  places  of  worship,  where  they  had  their 
idols,  were  called  (xuacas.  The  entrances  faced  the  east,  the  doors  being 
covered  with  white  cotton  cloth.  Velasco  has  an  interesting  notice  about 
the  temples:  “The  province  of  Manta  had  two  temples,  which 

remained  from  the  earliest  times  down  to  the  coming  of  the  Spaniards. 
One  was  on  the  continent  and  the  other  on'  the  island,  called  to-day  La 
Plata.  The  one  on  the  continent  was  the  most  famous  and  celebrated  of 
all,  and  hut  little  less  rich  than  that  of  Pachacamac  in  Peru,  and  as  much 
frequented  by  pilgrims  from  all  parts.  It  was  dedicated  to  the  god  of 
health,  called  Umina,  for  its  idol  was  made,  with  the  figure  half  human, 
of  a great  stone  of  very  fine  emerald,  whose  value  must  have  exceeded  that 
of  the  combined  treasures  of  many  temples.  To  this  celebrated  temple  the 
sick  from  all  parts  were  accustomed  to  journey,  coming  in  person  or  in  the 
arms  of  persons.  Directly  the  high  priest  received  the  offerings  of  gold, 
silver,  and  precious  stones  which  they  had  brought,  the  pilgrims  prostrated 
themselves  on  the  earth,  and  the  priest  then,  taking  the  idol  in  a very  white 
and  clean  cloth,  with  great  reverence  applied  it  to  the  head  or  to  the 
infirm  part  of  the  sufferer.  It  is  said  that  many  were  healed.  On  the 
island  the  idol  was  dedicated  to  the  Sun,  and  was  also  known  as  well,  and 
no  less  celebrated  and  rich.  The  inhabitants  of  the  coast  went  there  by 
boats,  and  celebrated  the  winter  solstice  with  a great  festival  of  many  days’ 
duration.  The  sacrifices  were  of  gold,  silver,  precious  stones,  very  fine 
woven  cloths,  skins,  and  a certain  number  of  children,  which  abuse  the 
Incas  entirely  wiped  out.” 


Saville : Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


15 


They  sacrificed  human  victims,  selecting  them  from  the  children  and 
women,  as  well  as  from  prisoners  of  war.  The  war  captives  who  were  killed 
for  these  sacrifices  were  flayed,  and  the  skins  were  filled  with  ashes  and  hung 
in  the  doors  of  the  temples  and  in  their  feasting  and  dancing  places.  The 
priests  looked  for  favorable  or  unfavorable  signs  in  the  entrails  of  animals. 
The  idols,  of  various  shapes,  were  made  of  clay,  stone,  gold,  or  silver,  and 
at  Manta  was  also  the  great  emerald,  about  which  we  shall  speak  later. 

In  the  description  of  Porto  Viejo,38  reference  is  made  to  a present 
given  to  a Spaniard.  This  was  a great  piece  of  gold  in  the  form  of  a board, 
which  appeared  to  have  been  cut  from  a larger  piece.  The  Indian  who 
presented  this  gold  object  was  said  to  have  had  in  his  possession  a gold 
plate  upon  which  rested  another  piece  like  a platform,  forming  a kind  of 
throne,  upon  which  to  sit  during  certain  sacrifices  and  ceremonies  which 
they  had  throughout  the  year. 

Regarding  the  morality  of  the  natives,  Cieza  de  Leon  says  that  it  was 
notorious  among  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  kingdom  of  Peru,  that,  in  some 
of  the  villages  of  the  district  of  Pueblo  Viejo,  sodomy  was  practised.  This 
assertion  regarding  the  low  moral  standard  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  part 
of  South  America  is  as  explicit  as  the  frequent  statements  concerning  the 
common  practice  of  cannibalism  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  Oauca  Valley. 
The  burial-customs  of  the  natives  of  this  part  of  Ecuador  are  mentioned  by 
Cieza  de  Leon,  who  writes  that  “they  made  deep  holes  in  the  ground,  which 
looked  more  like  wells  than  tombs,  and  they  buried  the  most  beautiful 
and  beloved  of  his  women  with  him,  besides  jewels,  food,  and  jars  of  wine 
made  from  maize.  They  then  placed  over  the  hole  those  thick  canes  which 
grow  in  the  country.  As  these  canes  are  hollow,  they  take  care  to  fill 
them  with  that  drink  made  of  maize  of  roots,  which  they  call  aca,  because 
they  believe  that  the  dead  men  drink  of  the  liquors  they  put  into  the 
canes.”  They  deformed  the  heads  of  their  children,  and  were  accustomed 
to  paint  their  faces  and  bodies  in  various  colors.  They  were  fond  of  orna- 
ments of  gold,  silver,  and  emeralds. 

The  Indians  of  this  land  did  not  have  a common  language ; but  nearly 
every  town  spoke  a different  dialect,  which  is  said  to  have  caused  discord  and 
wars  among  them.  They  knew  the  days  of  the  week,  and  distinguished  them 
with  particular  names.  Sunday,  being  the  most  solemn,  was  called  Tepipi- 
chinchi.  Their  sons  were  given  the  name  of  the  day  on  which  they  were  born. 


16 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 


ARCHEOLOGY 

We  have  but  little  information  concerning  the  antiquities  of  Manabi. 
Wiener  and  Gonzalez  Suarez  have  visited  the  province,  but  they  have 
not  added  much  to  our  knowledge  of  this  region.  Gonzalez  Suarez  has 
illustrated  and  described  a few  specimens  from  there,  and  Wiener  has 
written  briefly  about  one  of  the  stone  seats  for  which  that  part  of  South 
America  is  noted.  The  only  archeological  work  was  done  in  1892, 
when  Dr.  George  A.  Dorsey  spent  sixteen  days  on  the  Island  of  La 
Plata.  The  result  of  his  investigations  has  been  published  by  the  Field 
Columbian  Museum.29  The  material  which  he  found  was  generally  of  an 
entirely  different  character  from  the  specimens  found  by  us  on  the  main- 
land during  the  summer  of  1906.  We  were  especially  interested  in  the  stone 
seats,  and  nearly  all  of  the  time  spent  in  Manabi  was  devoted  to  researches 
bearing  on  that  problem.  In  the  results  of  this  first  trip,  which  are  set 
forth  in  this  preliminary  report,  we  have  not  been  able  to  settle  definitely 
the  question  of  racial  affinities  of  the  makers  of  those  sculptures.  It  seems 
quite  probable,  however,  that  the  people  whose  remains  are  found  on  the 
hills  had  little  in  common  with  the  Quicliuas  of  Peru,  or  with  the  other 
centres  of  culture  in  the  Andes.  We  are  inclined  to  believe  that  they  came 
along  the  coast  from  the  north,  possibly  from  southern  Central  America. 
Gonzalez  Suarez  believes  that  they  were  related  to  the  Mayans  of  Yucatan 
and  Central  America,  and  in  the  Appendix  will  be  found  translated  his 
arguments  for  this  belief.30  W e were  able  to  bring  together  a considerable 
amount  of  new  material  bearing  on  this  ancient  centre  of  culture. 

WELLS.  One  of  the  first  things  which  attracted  the  Spanish  dis- 
coverers of  Manabi  was  the  deep  wells  found  in  great  numbers  in  different 
parts  of  this  arid  region.  Cieza  de  Leon  states  that  the  building  of  these 
wells  was  attributed  by  the  natives  to  the  giants.  He  writes  particularly 
concerning  the  wells  near  Santa  Elena,  as  the  giants  were  supposed  to  have 
landed  at  this  point.  He  says,  “ As  they  found  no  water,  in  order  to 
remedy  the  want  they  made  some  very  deep  wells,  works  which  are  truly 
worthy  of  remembrance ; for  such  is  their  magnitude  that  they  certainly 
must  have  been  executed  by  very  strong  men.  They  dug  these  wells  in  the 


Saville : Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


17 


living-  rock  until  they  met  with  water,  and  then  they  lined  them  with 
masonry  from  top  to  bottom  in  such  sort  that  they  would  endure  for  many 
ages.  The  water  in  these  wells  is  very  good  and  wholesome,  and  always  so 
cold  that  it  is  very  pleasant  to  drink.” 

Zarate  probably  refers  to  the  existence  of  wells  as  follows : “ The  land 
is  very  dry,  although  it  rains  a little.  It  has  but  little  sweet,  running  water, 
and  every  one  drinks  from  wells  or  from  dammed  waters  (aguas  rebalsadas), 
which  they  call  jagueyes.”  This  statement  is  not  very  clear;  but  the  words 
translated  as  “ dammed  waters,”  or  “ pool  of  dammed  waters,”  evidently 
refer  to  artificial  cisterns  or  wells. 

In  the  “Descripcion  de  la  Gobernacion  de  Guayaquil  ” (p.  273)  there  is 
a notice  of  the  wells  of  this  region,  which  is  as  follows : “ They  drink  water 
out  of  wells,  one  of  which  they  call  ‘ Of  the  Giants,’  which,  according  to 
sayings  of  the  ancient  Indians,  lived  in  that  country,  not  as  original 
inhabitants,  but  came  from  other  parts.” 

Villavicencio  writes  that  there  is  a “ hill  called  La  Bolsa,  two  leagues 
distant  from  Monte  Cristi  to  the  southwest;  here  are  some  wells  with 
covered  stone,  and  artificial ; that  which  is  worthy  of  note  in  these  wells  is 
the  depth  and  how  they  were  constructed,  as  they  appear  not  to  have  been 
for  the  object  of  taking  water  from  them,  as  there  is  no  water  there  at 
present.  On  the  slope  of  this  hill  there  is  a spring  of  water  which  is  con- 
tinually bubbling.”31  It  is  singular  that  Yillavicencio  should  have  made 
this  statement,  as  there  are  numerous  ancient  wells  filled  with  water  at  the 
present  time. 

Gonzalez  Suarez  has  called  attention  to  a number  of  wells  in  different 
parts  of  Manabi.  From  his  u Historia  del  Ecuador”  we  quote  as  follows: 
“ The  most  notable  of  these  artesian  wells,  mistakenly  attributed  to  giants, 
are  in  the  actual  province  of  Manabi,  about  a league  to  the  southeast  of 
the  town  of  Jipijapa,  in  a point  called  Choconcha.  In  this  place  are 
eight,  some  of  which  are  now  filled  up,  but  it  would  be  a very  easy  matter 
to  clean  them.  A little  above  there  is  another,  in  a place  called  Gandil. 
Above  Monte  Cristi  is  a very  large  one  which  is  still  in  good  condition, 
and  from  this  comes  the  potable  water  used  not  only  by  the  people  of 
Monte  Cristi,  but  also  of  Manta.  A small  well  is  found  between  Jipijapa 
and  Santa  Ana,  with  the  name  of  Chade.  In  all  the  coast  of  Ecuador, 
from  Manta  to  Puna,  there  is  a great  scarcity  of  water,  and  for  this  reason 


18  Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

the  ancient  native  tribes  made  these  deep  wells  in  order  that  they  should 
not  want  for  water.  Without  doubt  they  were  guided  by  the  verdure 
which  the  small  herbs  of  the  country  preserved  in  the  summer  months, 
when  all  the  rest  of  the  vegetation  was  parched,  in  order  to  discover  the 
concealed  springs  in  the  depths  of  the  earth.”32 

Most  of  the  water  used  in  Manta  at  the  present  time  comes  from  wells 
in  the  little  settlement  of  Colorado,  and  these  wells  also  supply  part  of  the 
water  used  in  Monte  Cristi.  Not  far  from  Monte  Cristi,  however,  are 
ancient  wells  at  a town  called  Toalla,  which  is  probably  the  place  referred 
to  by  Suarez. 

In  the  ruins  back  of  the  town  of  Manta,  which  extend,  a short  distance 
from  the  beach,  several  miles  into  the  country  to  the  south,  there  is  a cir- 
cular well  cut  through  the  solid  rock,  which  was  discovered  a few  years  ago. 
It  was  covered  by  a stone,  and  filled  with  earth  and  small  stones.  The 
owner  of  the  land  commenced  cleaning  it  out,  but  discontinued  the  work 
before  reaching  the  bottom,  on  account  of  the  expense  and  the  difficulty  of 
removing  the  rubbish,  but  more  especially  because  lie  found  no  water.  At 
present  it  is  42  feet  (12.8  m.)  deep,  but  several  feet  of  earth  have  washed 
in  during  the  rainy  seasons.  The  well  is  cut  in  a sort  of  spiral  fashion 
through  the  solid  rock.  The  top  is  3 feet  (91.4  cm.)  from  the  present  sur- 
face of  the  ground.  It  is  only  2 feet  3 inches  (68.6  cm.)  in  diameter  at 
the  top,  and  gradually  diminishes  in  diameter  towards  the  bottom.  At  the 
bottom  it  is  almost  impossible  for  a person  to  move  about  in  order  to  clean 
out  the  earth.  This  is  the  only  well  known  at  present  in  the  vicinity  of 
Manta,  but  there  are  indications  of  the  existence  of  others  in  the  ruins.  We 
saw  another  well,  discovered  a few  months  ago,  in  the  Cerro  de  Hojas,  which 
the  owner  of  the  land  was  engaged  in  clearing  out  during  the  month  of 
June.  He  had  already  reached  a depth  of  perhaps  25  feet  (7.6  m.),  and 
there  was  water  in  the  bottom  at  that  time.  This  well  is  much  larger  than 
the  one  seen  at  Manta,  it  being  about  8 feet  (2.4  m.)  in  diameter, 
and  it  is  not  cut  through  the  solid  rock.  The  sides  are  walled  up  with 
rough  stones  in  the  same  manner  as  are  those  which  have  been  referred  to 
by  Suarez.  There  is  another  ancient,  very  deep  well,  near  the  base  of 
Cerro  de  Hojas,  which  is  walled  up  in  the  same  manner  as  the  well  on  the 
hill.  In  this  well  there  is  an  abundance  of  water,  and  it  is  used  by  the 
people  living  in  the  neighboring  ranchos. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador  19 

RUES'S.  Throughout  the  province  of  Manabi  there  still  exist  many 
remains  of  ancient  houses  of  the  precolumbian  inhabitants  of  this  region. 
Cieza  de  Leon  mentions  the  sites  of  houses  near  Santa  Elena  which  are 
connected  with  the  myth  of  the  giants  and  believed  by  the  natives  to  be 
the  ruins  of  their  first  settlements. 

Near  the  present  town  of  Manta  are  the  ruins  of  a large  pre- 
columbian settlement.  In  the  second  part  of  the  “ Descripcion  de  la 
Gobernacion  de  Guayaquil”  (pp.  302  and  303)  is  an  interesting  account 
of  Manta,  which  states  that  the  Indian  settlement  was  called  Jocay,  and 
that  the  natives  had  no  knowledge  of  when  it  was  founded.  This  account 
further  states,  that  at  a distance  of  from  one  to  two  leagues  from  Jocay 
were  three  other  towns,  called  Jaramijo,  Camilloa,  and  Cama.  The 
Spaniards  forced  the  Indians  to  abandon  these  towns,  and  settle  in  Manta. 
The  same  language  was  spoken  in  all  the  towns.  It  appears  that,  at  the 
time  of  discovery,  Jocay  was  governed  by  a cacique,  who  was  called  Lligua 
Tohali.  It  was  a town  of  considerable  size;  but  by  the  cruelty  of  the 
Spaniards,  who  tortured  the  Indians  in  order  to  secure  gold  and  emeralds, 
the  population  rapidly  diminished. 

The  ruins  of  Jocay  are  to  be  seen  south  of  the  present  town  of  Manta, 
and  extend  even  into  the  village  itself.  Probably  in  former  times  they 
reached  to  the  seashore,  but  the  present  modern  town  has  obliterated  all 
traces  of  the  ancient  houses.  There  are  the  remains  of  hundreds  of  house- 
sites  and  mounds,  with  here  and  there  innumerable  red  potsherds  scattered 
over  the  ground.  These  houses  are  often  of  one  room ; but  there  are  many 
with  two  or  more,  and  even  up  to  seven,  rooms  in  one  building.  Little 
is  left  of  the  walls,  the  bases  of  which  are  of  rough  stones  set  edgewise 
in  the  ground.  The  average  Avidth  of  the  walls  is  from  3 feet  (91.4  cm.) 
to  4 feet  (122  cm.),  the  inner  and  outer  part  being  made  in  the  same  man- 
ner, and  probably  filled  Avitli  rough  stones  and  earth.  The  shapes  of  the 
rooms  of  many  of  these  houses  can  still  be  traced ; but  for  generations  the 
place  has  served  as  a quarry  for  the  inhabitants  of  Manta,  who  are  constantly 
prying  out  stones  from  the  walls  to  be  used  in  the  town.  Some  of  the 
buildings  have  been  of  enormous  size.  One  Avas  190  feet  (57.9  m.)  in 
length,  39  feet  (11.9  m.)  in  width  at  the  southern  end,  and  37  feet  (11.3  m.) 
at  the  northern  end,  these  being  inside  measurements.  The  thickness  of 
the  side- walls  Avas  4 feet  6 inches  (137  cm.),  and  that  of  the  southern  Avail, 


20  Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

2 feet  7 inches  (78.7  cm.).  In  this  building  the  inner  and  outer  walls  were  of 
slabs  set  in  the  ground,  the  spaces  between  being  filled  in  with  rougher  stones. 
The  surface  of  the  ground  near  the  northern  end  of  this  large  building 
sloped  somewhat  towards  the  sea,  and  a platform  or  graded  way  was  built 
from  the  level  of  the  building  as  an  approach ; this  was  35  feet  (10.7  m.) 
long.  There  were  no  traces  of  stone  steps  in  this  graded  way.  The 
orientation  of  the  building  was,  in  general,  from  north  to  south;  but  the 
variation  from  the  true  north  was  much  greater  than  that  observed  in  the 
ancient  places  in  Mexico  and  Central  America.  Many  of  these  houses  are 
covered  by  a scrub  growth,  so  that  it  is  impossible  to  make  accurate 
measurements  of  their  dimensions  without  clearing  this  away.  This  has 
tended  towards  the  preservation  of  the  walls,  as,  up  to  the  present  time, 
the  natives  have  contented  themselves  with  taking  the  stones  from  the 
ruined  structures  in  the  open  fields.  Another  house  was  measured  which 
was  150  feet  (15.7  m.)  long,  and  41  feet  (12.5  m.)  wide.  The  stones,  set 
edgewise  in  the  ground  for  the  walls,  were  2 feet  (61  cm.)  high.  This 
building  also  had  a sloping  or  graded  way  at  one  end. 

Scattered  here  and  there  are  many  mounds,  which  are  probably  burial- 
places.  In  one  group  of  rooms,  towards  the  east,  are  a number  of  much 
disintegrated  stone  sculptures.  One  room  lias  walls  made  of  earth, 
probably  the  adobe  bricks  so  commonly  used  in  ancient  America.  In  it  is 
a group  of  five  sculptures,  only  one  of  which  is  standing  in  place,  close  to 
the  wall.  This  is  a human  figure,  the  head  of  which  is  broken  off;  it  is 
4 feet  91  inches  (146  cm.)  high,  and  2 feet  4 inches  (71.1  cm.)  across.  There 
are  among  these  sculptures  several  other  human  figures,  and  one  single 
stone,  6 feet  (183  cm.)  in  length,  which  has  carving  on  it.  These 
sculptures  are  so  much  weathered  and  worn  that  they  give  but  little 
evidence  at  present  of  any  great  degree  of  attainment  in  the  art  of  carving 
by  the  ancient  people.  Some  of  the  stone  is  calcareous,  while  some  thin 
slabs  are  of  a gritty  sandstone. 

In  the  patio  of  the  business-house  known  as  the  Casa  Tagua,  in  Manta, 
are  two  extremely  curious  sculptures  with  animal  figures,  which  were  taken 
from  the  Manta  ruins.  They  are  in  abetter  state  of  preservation  than  the 
sculptures  before  mentioned.  They  are  about  4 feet  (122  cm.)  in  height, 
and  represent  animals  with  enormously  long  necks  and  part  of  a body.  They 
may  possibly  be  llamas,  but  they  are  so  much  conventionalized  that  it  is  not 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


21 


certain  that  this  animal  is  intended  to  be  represented.  It  was  probably  the 
only  animal  with  a long  neck  with  which  these  people  were  acquainted. 
On  the  ground  in  the  vicinity  of  the  ruined  buildings,  in  addition  to  the  red 
potsherds  before  mentioned,  may  be  found  hammer  stones,  broken  hand 
stones  for  metates,  broken  nictates,  and  the  remains  of  pottery  vessels  of  a 
brown  ware,  as  well  as  fragments  of  clay  figures.  The  natives  say  that  the 
site  of  the  ancient  temple  was  where  the  modern  cemetery  of  the  town  of 
Manta  is  now  located,  but  at  present  there  is  absolutely  no  evidence  of 
any  such  structure.  Up  to  the  present  time  there  have  been  no  excava- 
tions made  in  the  ruins ; they  cover  several  square  miles,  and  it  promises 
to  be  a most  important  field  for  future  archeological  Avork. 

About  six  or  seven  miles  northeast  of  Monte  Cristi  is  the  famous 
Cerro  de  Hojas,  from  which  place  have  come  the  stone  seats  which  from 
time  to  time  have  found  their  way  into  various  museums  in  Europe  and 
America.  Midway  between  Monte  Cristi  and  Cerro  de  Hojas  is  a series  of 
hills,  in  some  places  very  precipitous,  none  of  them  rising  over  five  hundred 
feet  (150  m.),  which  are  locally  known  as  Cerro  Bravo.  In  these  hills  are 
very  many  house-sites  of  the  same  type  as  those  found  in  the  ruins  at  Manta ; 
they  are  known  to  the  natives  under  the  name  of  corrales , the  Spanish 
word  for  “enclosure.”  Notwithstanding  the  existence  of  these  house-sites 
in  great  numbers,  so  far  as  we  were  able  to  learn  from  the  hunters,  who 
are  accustomed  to  traverse  these  hills  in  all  directions  in  pursuit  of  game, 
no  seats  or  sculptures  have  ever  been  found  there. 

Between  the  northern  slopes  of  Cerro  Bravo  and  the  northwestern  base 
of  Cerro  de  Hojas  is  a small  village,  not  on  the  map,  called  La  Secita;  here 
have  been  found  house-sites,  and  thousands  of  clay  spindle- whorls,  and  pot- 
tery fragments.  The  people  in  this  little  settlement  cultivate  the  soil  on  the 
western  slopes  of  Cerro  de  Hojas.  It  may  be  wel  1 to  state,  that  the  whole 
range  of  hills  placed  on  the  maps  under  the  name  of  Cerro  de  Hojas  is  not 
locally  so  known.  At  the  northern  end  of  the  mountain-ridge  of  Cerro  de 
Hojas  is  a very  deep  ravine,  separating  it  from  another  line  of  hills  run- 
ning to  the  northwest,  known  as  Cerro  Jaboncillo,  the  general  direction  of 
Cerro  de  Hojas  being  north.  These  hills  are  slightly  higher  than  Cerro 
de  Hojas.  There  are  also  two  ranges  of  hills  some  leagues  southeast  of 
Monte  Cristi ; namely,  Cerro  Jupa  and  Cerro  Agua  Nuevo : and  in  the 
vicinity  of  Jipijapa,  which  lies  well  to  the  south  of  Monte  Cristi,  near 


22  Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

the  frontier  of  the  province  of  Guayas,  is  a line  of  hills  known  as  Ma- 
nantial.  On  all  these  hills,  house-sites  are  found;  hut,  as  before  stated, 
no  seats  exist  in  Cerro  Bravo,  and  likewise  none  have  been  reported 
from  Manantial.  These  remains  of  houses  all  pertain  to  the  same  culture. 
In  Cerro  de  Hojas  they  are  found  on  the  level  tops  of  the  hills,  and,  on 
the  slopes,  level  terraces  have  been  made,  each  of  which  has  a house 
containing  one  or  more  rooms.  On  many  slopes  the  terraces  are  one 
below  the  other,  resembling  an  enormous  flight  of  huge  steps.  One  house 
measured  in  Cerro  de  Hojas  had  the  following  dimensions:  length,  37  feet 
(11.3  in.);  width,  23  feet  6 inches  (7.16  m.).  The  largest  house  which 
was  measured  was  161  feet  (49  m.)  long,  and  41  feet  (12.5  m.)  wide ; there 
was  no  evidence  of  interior  walls,  it  being  a single  room,  with  the  northern 
end  open.  In  these  same  houses  were  also  found  stone  columns,  figures  of 
men,  and  certain  curious  sculptures,  which  will  be  described  later. 

In  the  houses  on  Cerro  Jaboncillo  numerous  very  interesting  stone 
bas-reliefs  have  been  excavated,  but  none  have  been  found,  to  our 
knowledge,  on  any  other  hill.  In  the  upper  parts  of  the  hills  which  over- 
look the  lower  slopes,  and  where  we  should  expect  to  find  the  remains  of 
temples,  there  are  at  present  no  evidences  of  any  large  structures  which 
would  have  served  for  this  purpose.  It  is  possible  that  the  few  large  houses 
found  in  different  parts  of  the  hills,  the  measurements  of  one  of  which 
have  been  given,  were  the  temples  or  council-houses,  but  this  is  merely 
conjecture.  In  no  case  do  the  walls  rise  more  than  2 feet  (61  cm.),  and 
generally  they  were  made  of  rough  slabs  of  stone  placed  edgewise  in  the 
ground,  as  before  described  in  dealing  with  the  ruins  at  Manta.  One 
house  was  observed  with  walls  of  a different  construction.  The  rooms  were 
not  large,  but  the  walls  were  made  of  squared  stones,  three  courses  of 
which  remain,  and  they  were  laid  so  as  to  make  a wall  slanting  at  an 
angle  of  about  seventy  degrees  on  each  side.  As  this  ruined  building  is 
buried  in  the  deep  underbrush  with  which  the  greater  part  of  the  hill  is 
covered,  and  no  loose  squared  stones  were  observed  in  the  vicinity,  it 
seems  probable  that  the  upper  part  of  the  walls  was  made  of  a perishable 
material,  very  likely  adobe  or  sun-dried  bricks ; there  is  also  a possibility 
that  the  walls  were  of  cane  or  wood.  This  type  of  construction  is  entirely 
different  from  the  hundreds  of  houses  which  were  observed  during  the 
past  summer,  and  may  represent  a later  type  of  building. 


23 


Saville : Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 

STONE  SEATS.  The  most  remarkable  feature  of  the  archeology 
of  Manabi  is  the  great  number  of  stone  seats  or  chairs  which  have  been 
found  on  the  summits  of  the  hills  not  far  distant  from  the  sea.  They  are 
unique,  being  found  only  on  the  hills  in  a small  area  of  about  twenty  miles 
in  diameter;  and  no  objects  of  like  character  are  known  in  any  other  part  of 
either  North  or  South  America.  They  are  not  mentioned  by  any  of  the  early 
writers  or  explorers.  This  would  seem  to  indicate  that  they  were  not  seen 
by  Pizarro  and  his  companions  when  they  passed  through  this  province, 
and  possibly  shows  that  the  towns  on  the  hills  were  in  ruins,  and  covered 
by  the  forest,  at  that  time.  The  first  notice  of  their  existence  is  given  by 
Villavicencio,  who,  in  his  “Geography  of  the  Republic  of  Ecuador,” 
published  in  New  York  in  1858,  states  that  “ two  leagues  north  of  Monte 
Cristi  there  are  some  hills,  such  as  the  Cerro  de  Hojas;  this  is  a low 
mountain  with  a flat  summit;  in  this  plain  there  is  a circle  of  seats  of 
stone,  no  less  than  thirty  in  number,  each  one  of  which  is  a sphinx, 
above  which  is  the  seat  with  two  arms,  all  of  stone,  well  worked,  and  of 
a single  piece,  which  may  be  transported.  This  circle  of  seats  appears 
to  have  lodged  a congress  of  men  who  came  together  here  for  their  con- 
ferences, which  may  have  been  those  of  the  magnates  of  the  Cara  nation, 
who  lived  here  before  they  had  accomplished  the  conquest  of  the  kingdom 
of  Quito.  We  have  taken  two  of  these  seats  for  our  museum,  and  they  are 
preserved  in  Guayaquil.” 

Bollaert  quotes  this  statement  from  Villavicencio  in  liis  “Antiquarian, 
Ethnological,  and  Other  Researches  in  New  Granada,  Ecuador,  Peru,  and 
Chili.”  This  statement  regarding  the  placing  of  the  seats  in  a circle  has 
found  credence  among  later  writers,  and  we  also  hear  of  a stone  table  in 
the  centre  of  this  circle.  Wiener  visited  these  hills  in  July,  1882,  and 
sent  a seat  to  Europe,  which  is  in  the  Trocadero  Museum.  He  does  not  give 
any  information  concerning  the  arrangement  of  the  seats,33  and  simply 
writes  that  “there  are  some  other  broken  chairs,  four  of  which  could  be 
easily  repaired,  to  be  found  on  a stone  rock  eleven  leagues  and  a half 
northeast  of  the  small  port  of  Manta.”  This  is  a mistake.  The  distance  to 
the  base  of  the  hills  is  a little  over  five  miles  in  a northeasterly  direction. 
Gonzalez  Suarez  visited  the  region,  and  in  his  “Archeology  of  Ecuador  ” 
states  that  “these  seats  are  found  in  the  Cerro  de  Hojas,  placed  in  a semi- 
circle, in  each  one  of  the  platforms  on  the  hill.  This  composes  a group  of 


24  Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

broken  bills,  and  on  the  summit  of  each  one  of  these  were  a number  of  these 
seats  placed  around  with  symmetry.”  In  another  part  of  his  work,  Suarez 
says  that  “ in  each  of  the  summits  or  truncated  surfaces  [of  the  hills]  are 
a number,  more  or  less  considerable,  of  seats  and  columns  of  stone  placed 
in  a circle.” 

During  our  visit  to  Manabi,  careful  examination  was  made  of  the 
summit  of  Cerro  de  Hojas,  and  it  will  be  remembered  that,  in  the  descrip- 
tion of  the  ruins  on  the  hill,  mention  is  made  of  the  numerous  house-sites, 
locally  known  as  corrales,  which  are  found  in  great  numbers.  It  was  in 
the  rooms  of  these  houses  that  the  stone  seats  were  found;  and  in  no  case 
were  they  observed  occupying  any  regular  order,  or  placed  in  any  way 
which  would  indicate  their  having  been  around  stone  tables  or  in  a circle. 
In  fact,  no  large  stone  slabs  are  found  in  any  of  the  ruins,  with  the 
exception  of  small  bas-reliefs,  to  be  described  later.  In  some  rooms,  only 
one  seat  was  found;  in  others  two;  and  sometimes  three,  four,  and  even 
live  have  been  discovered  in  a single  house.  So  far  as  the  Cerro  de  Hojas 
is  concerned,  we  must  conclude  that  the  story  of  the  ceremonial  placing  of 
these  seats  is  a myth;  but  as  we  were  unable  to  visit  Cerro  Jaboncillo  and 
the  two  more  distant  hills, — Cerro  Jupa  and  Cerro  Agua  Nuevo,— there  is 
a possibility  that  in  these  hills  there  may  have  been  some  regular  arrange- 
ment of  the  seats.  Repeated  questioning  of  the  natives  leads  us,  however, 
to  doubt  that  the  conditions  under  which  the  seats  are  found  in  these  hills 
are  at  all  different  from  those  in  the  Cerro  de  Hojas. 

Some  of  the  seats  are  of  argillaceous,  shaly  sandstone;  but  the 
majority  are  of  andesite.  From  the  type  of  sculpture  which  serves  as  a 
support,  they  may  be  divided  into  two  great  classes ; namely,  those  Avhich 
have  human  figures,  and  those  which  have  animal  figures.  In  general,  the 
human  figures  are  carved  in  very  nearly  the  same  manner,  but  there  are 
greater  differences  in  the  carving  of  the  animal  forms.  In  the  collection  we 
have  brought  together,  which  is  now  in  New  York,  the  majority  of  the  seats 
have  the  crouching  human  figure  supports.  In  the  animal  or  puma  figures, 
we  find  considerable  variation  in  the  way  in  which  the  animal  has  been 
carved.  In  some,  the  ears  are  very  prominent ; in  others  less  so ; and  in 
one  specimen  the  ears  are  not  represented  at  all.  Some  have  a tail,  while 
in  others  it  is  absent.  In  addition  to  these  two  general  types  into  which  we 
may  divide  the  greater  number  of  seats,  we  have  examples  of  four  other 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador  25 

classes  ; namely,  tlie  bird  or  lizard,  the  bat,  a monkey-like  figure,  and  one 
with  a circular  design  enframing  a puma-face,  apparently  intended  to  repre- 
sent a copper  disc,  of  which  a number  have  been  found  in  Manabi  and  in 
other  parts  of  Ecuador.  Thus  we  have,  forming  the  supports  of  the  seats 
in  this  collection,  six  different  motives : first,  the  crouching  human  figure ; 
second,  the  crouching  puma-like  figure ; third,  the  bird  or  lizard ; fourth, 
the  bat;  fifth,  a monkey-like  figure;  and,  sixth,  the  representation  of  the 
copper  disc.  A seat  was  seen  in  Porto  Viejo  which  was  different  from  any 
in  the  collection.  On  the  front  is  a small  standing  human  figure  with  a 
loin-cloth,  the  sides  of  the  support  being  entirely  plain.  In  Chicago  there 
is  a seat  with  an  entirely  plain  quadrangular  block  for  the  support. 

All  of  the  seats  from  the  Cerro  de  Hojas  and  Cerro  Jaboncillo  are 
made  of  andesite,  with  the  possible  exception  of  two  specimens.  It  is  inter- 
esting to  find  that  the  seats  from  Cerro  Agua  Xuevo  (illustrated  on  Plates 
XX,  XXI,  and  XXVI)  are  not  of  andesite,  but  of  sandstone;  a seat  from 
the  same  hill  (see  Plate  XXV)  is  of  argillaceous,  shaly  sandstone;  while 
another  seat  (see  Plate  XV)  is  of  andesite.  It  is  impossible  to  state  at 
present  the  locality  of  the  quarries  from  which  the  stone  used  by  the 
ancient  sculptors  was  taken,  as  during  our  trip  there  was  not  sufficient 
time  to  search  for  them.  In  regard  to  the  stone  used  by  the  ancient 
inhabitants  of  Manabi,  a singular  point  is  brought  out  by  a study  of  the 
material  used  by  the  ancient  builders  of  Manta.  The  stone  used  for  the 
houses  is  oolitic  limestone,  while  that  used  for  the  sculptures  which  are 
found  in  various  parts  of  the  ruins  is  a shell  limestone  similar  to  the 
coquina  of  Plorida.  It  is  rather  remarkable  that,  in  selecting  material  for 
carving  sculptures,  they  chose  the  coarsest,  stone  to  be  found  in  Manabi, 
breaking  it  off  from  the  cliffs  and  ledges  which  occur  just  above  sea- 
level;  and  that  for  the  houses  they  selected  a finer  one,  found  also  in 
the  vicinity.  It  is  difficult  to  conjecture  why  they  selected  the  coarsest, 
roughest,  and  least  desirable  material  for  their  sculptures,  and  used  the 
finer  stone,  better  adapted  for  carving,  in  their  houses.  At  all  events,  the 
stone  used  by  the  builders  of  Manta  was  found  in  the  immediate  vicinity. 
It  is  probable  that  the  andesite  from  whicli  the  seats  were  carved  in 
the  Cerro  de  Hojas  and  Cerro  Jaboncillo,  will  be  found  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  the  hill,  and  that  the  sandstone  — which  was  not  used,  so  far  as 
our  knowledge  goes,  in  either  of  these  two  hills,  but  was  confined  to  the 


26 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 


stone  seats  from  Oerro  Agua  Nuevo  and  Cerro  Jupa  — will  be  found  also 
in  tlieir  vicinity.  Some  of  the  seats  have  geometric  designs  or  patterns 
carved  on  the  borders:  only  three  of  these  came  from  Oerro  de  Hojas  and 
Oerro  Jaboncillo,  while  six  are  from  Cerro  Jupa  and  Oerro  Agua  Nuevo. 
All  of  these  sculptured  borders  have  practically  the  same  design  repeated 
with  slight  variation.  The  patterns  on  the  seats  from  Cerro  de  Hojas  are 
in  a better  state  of  preservation,  as  the  andesite  has  not  weathered  so 
much  as  the  sandstone. 

It  is  doubtful  if  there  are  many  types  or  variations  of  seats  other 
than  those  contained  in  the  present  collection  to  be  found  in  this  region. 
Several  hundred  were  seen ; and  all  the  different  types  or  variations  from 
the  two  great  classes  — the  crouching  human  figures  and  the  puma  figures  — 
were  obtained,  and  are  here  described  and  illustrated.  There  is  not  a 
single  human  or  animal  figure  in  which  the  proportions  of  the  body  are 
accurately  brought  out,  as  will  be  noted  by  examination  of  the  plates. 
The  arms  and  legs  are  generally  entirely  out  of  proportion  to  one  another 
and  to  the  body  of  the  figure.  As  a rule,  more  attention  has  been  paid  to 
the  face  than  to  the  rest  of  the  figure.  As  will  be  seen  by  referring 
to  the  plates,  there  is  great  variation  in  the  manner  in  which  the  seat 
itself  is  carved  and  the  way  in  which  it  is  placed  upon  the  back  of 
either  the  human  or  animal  figure.  It  will  be  observed  also  that  the 
greater  number  of  the  seats  have  arms  of  unequal  length  ; and  there  is 
no  set  rule  of  placing  the  seat  on  the  back  of  the  body,  some  being 
placed  well  forward  while  others  are  back  from  the  front  of  the  figure, 
some  having  slanting  arms  while  others  have  arms  almost  vertical  from 
the  base.  Again,  Ave  have  broad  seats  and  extremely  narrow  seats.  The 
greater  number  have  outward  extensions  to  the  arms,  and  there  are  several 
in  which  this  feature  is  absent.  We  will  now  proceed  to  a detailed 
description  of  the  various  examples  brought  together  in  the  collection, 
and  of  which  illustrations  are  given  on  Plates  IY  to  XXYII  inclusive. 
With  but  few  exceptions,  the  front,  side,  and  back  AfieAvs  of  the  seat  are 
given.  The  human  figure  type  of  support  precedes  that  of  the  animal, 
as  the  class  is  numerically  stronger. 

Plate  IY,  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3,  crouching  human  figure.  The  face  is 
of  a different  type  from  those  seen  on  the  other  seats.  The  head-band 
is  concaved  and  very  high,  being  quite  broad  at  the  top.  The  lower 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


27 


part  of  the  face  is  rather  pointed.  The  ears  are  very  large  and  have 
prominent  ear-ornaments,  and  the  nose  is  battered.  Around  the  neck 
is  a decorated  band.  The  upper  part  of  the  chest  is  separated  from  the 
front  upper  surface  of  the  pedestal.  The  hands,  which  are  closed  with 
the  thumb  resting  on  the  forefinger  at  the  top,  project  at  an  angle  over 
the  upper  edge  of  the  pedestal,  which  slopes  downward  at  the  same 
angle.  The  body  is  more  realistically  carved  than  most  of  the  human 
figures  in  these  seats.  The  toes  project  downward  over  the  upper  part  of 
the  back  of  the  base;  and  the  loin-cloth,  which  is  shown  at  the  back 
of  the  figure,  going  down  between  the  legs,  is  also  seen  going  forward 
around  the  abdomen  of  the  figure.  The  seat  rests  on  a slight  support 
placed  on  the  back  of  the  human  figure,  and  is  massive : botli  back  and 
front  edges  have  an  upward,  inner  slant.  This  is  the  largest  seat  in  the 
collection  and  the  second  in  size  of  any  of  the  stone  seats  that  have  been 
reported  from  Manabi,  the  largest  being  the  specimen  in  the  town  of 
Monte  Cristi,  belonging  to  the  municipality.  The  dimensions  of  the 
specimen  here  described  are  as  follows : Extreme  height  of  seat,  left  side, 
35  inches  (88.9  cm.) ; extreme  breadth,  251,  inches  (64.8  cm.)  ; breadth 
inside  of  seat  at  upper  part,  — front,  13^  inches  (33.7  cm.),  back,  13  inches 
(33  cm.);  extreme  length  of  seat  from  front  to  back,  inside,  18|  inches 
(47.6  cm.) ; length  of  upper  part  of  arms,  12|  inches  (32.4  cm.)  ; extreme 
thickness  of  seat,  31  inches  (8.9  cm.) ; extreme  height  of  human  figure, 
14£  inches  (36.8  cm.) ; average  height  of  pedestal,  3£  inches  (8.9  cm.) ; 
slant  of  front  edge  of  seat,  60  degrees ; slant  of  arms  of  seat,  74  degrees ; 
overhang  of  arms  of  seat,  2£  inches  (5.4  cm.).  From  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 

Plate  V,  Yos.  1,  2,  and  3,  crouching  human  figure.  The  head,  which 
has  a band  over  the  forehead,  is  raised  above  the  back  of  the  figure ; the 
ears  are  prominent  and  flattened  over  the  side  of  the  head ; the  hands  are 
closed  and  rest  on  the  pedestal,  with  the  thumb  on  the  forefinger  at  the 
top.  The  seat  rests  upon  a high  massive  block  resembling  an  inverted 
truncated  pyramid  with  the  four  corners  well  defined ; the  feet  are  placed 
upon  the  back  of  the  base  with  the  toes  pointing  inward,  making  right 
angles  with  the  upper  line  of  the  pedestal.  This  is  one  of  the  highest  seats, 
and  both  front  and  back  are  nearly  vertical.  The  arms,  in  proportion  to  the 
height  of  the  seat,  are  the  highest  of  any  of  the  seats  from  Manabi.  The 
dimensions  are  as  follows : Extreme  height  of  seat,  left  side,  33|  inches 


28  Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

(84.8  cm.) ; extreme  breadth,  25|  inches  (65.4  cm.)  ; breadth  inside  of  seat 
at  upper  part,  — front,  13|  inches  (35.2  cm.),  back,  14  inches  (35.6  cm.) ; 
extreme  length  of  seat  from  front  to  back,  inside,  15f  inches  (40  cm.) ; 
length  of  upper  part  of  arms,  14i  inches  (36.8  cm.) ; extreme  thickness  of 
seat,  3^  inches  (9.8  cm.)  ; extreme  height  of  human  figure,  11£  inches 
(29.2  cm.) ; average  height  of  pedestal,  3£  inches  (8.9  cm.) ; overhang  of 
arms  of  seat,  1^  inches  (3.8  cm.).  From  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 

Plate  VI,  Vos.  1,  2,  and  3,  crouching  human  figure.  The  stone  is  a 
light  gray  color  and  somewhat  disintegrated.  The  upper  part  of  the  right 
arm  of  the  seat  is  broken.  The  head  of  the  human  figure  has  a band  over 
the  forehead.  The  ears  are  prominent,  and  small  ear-ornaments  are  shown. 
The  face  has  a well-preserved  aquiline  nose.  The  hands  are  closed  and 
rest  on  the  pedestal,  with  the  thumb  upward.  The  toes  project  downward 
over  the  upper  part  of  the  back  of  the  base.  The  loin-cloth  is  shown  at  the 
back  of  the  figure.  The  front  of  the  seat  is  slightly  curved,  and  there  is  a 
considerable  backward  slant  to  the  arms ; the  pedestal  on  both  the  front 
and  back  is  smaller  at  the  base  than  at  the  top.  This  seat  is  one  of  the 
highest  of  the  collection,  and  the  pedestal  is  much  smaller  than  in  the 
other  large  seats.  The  dimensions  are  as  follows : Extreme  height  of  seat, 
right  side,  33^  inches  (84.5  cm.);  extreme  breadth,  28£  inches  (72.4  cm.); 
breadth  inside  of  seat  at  upper  part,  — front,  14  inches  (35.6  cm.),  back,  13^ 
inches  (35.2  cm.) ; extreme  length  of  seat  from  front  to  back,  inside,  15| 
inches  (39.7  cm.);  length  of  upper  part  of  arms,  10  inches  (25.4  cm.); 
extreme  thickness  of  seat,  4 inches  (10.2  cm.)  ; slant  of  front  of  seat,  70 
degrees;  extreme  height  of  human  figure,  13^  inches  (33.7  cm.);  average 
height  of  pedestal,  4|  inches  (10.8  cm.);  overhang  of  arms  of  seat,  2£ 
inches  (6.3  cm).  From  Oerro  Jaboncillo. 

Plate  VII,  Vos.  1,  2,  and  3,  crouching  human  figure.  The  head, 
which  has  a band  over  the  forehead,  is  but  slightly  higher  than  the  back 
of  the  figure.  The  figure  itself  is  very  high.  The  forearm  is  not  repre- 
sented. The  hands,  which  are  closed  and  rest  on  the  pedestal,  with  the 
thumb  on  the  forefinger,  are  placed  at  the  elbow.  This  shortening  of  the 
lower  extremities  of  the  arms  is  true  of  the  legs,  the  leg  below  the  knee 
being  entirely  out  of  proportion  to  the  rest  of  the  figure.  The  feet  are  close 
to  the  knees  and  the  toes  project  downward  over  the  upper  part  of  the  back 
of  the  base.  The  seat  rests  upon  a low  support  placed  on  the  back  of  the 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


29 


figure ; the  arms  are  of  unequal  height,  the  right  arm  being  higher  than 
the  left ; both  front  and  back  edges  of  the  seat  are  nearly  vertical,  with  a 
slight  rounding  of  each  edge  around  the  line  of  the  seat.  The  dimensions 
are  as  follows : Extreme  height  of  seat,  right  side,  26|  inches  (66.7  cm.) ; 
extreme  breadth,  19|  inches  (50.5  cm.) ; breadth  inside  of  seat  at  upper 
part,  — front,  12f  inches  (32.4  cm.),  back,  11£  inches  (29.2  cm.) ; extreme 
length  of  seat  from  front  to  back,  inside,  12  inches  (30.5  cm.)  ; length  of 
upper  part  of  arms,  10  inches  (25.4  cm.)  ; extreme  thickness  of  seat,  3^ 
inches  (8.3  cm.) ; extreme  height  of  human  figure,  9£  inches  (24.1  cm.)  ; 
average  height  of  pedestal,  3£  inches  (8.9  cm.)  ; overhang  of  arms  of  seat, 
| of  an  inch  (1.6  cm.).  From  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 

Plate  VIII,  Vos.  1 and  2,  crouching  human  figure.  The  head,  which 
has  a band  over  the  forehead,  is  raised  above  the  body.  The  ears  are 
prominent  and  flattened  over  the  side  of  the  face,  and  the  nose  is  battered. 
The  seat  rests  on  a block  over  the  back  of  the  figure,  the  upper  part  of 
which  is  on  a level  with  the  top  of  the  head.  The  hands  are  closed  and 
are  placed  on  the  pedestal.  The  toes  project  downward  over  the  upper  part 
of  the  back  of  the  base.  Although  not  the  highest,  this  seat  is  the  broadest 
and  most  massive,  of  all  the  sculptures  of  this  class  from  Manabi.  The 
dimensions  are  as  follows : Extreme  height  of  seat,  left  side,  284  inches 
(72.4  cm.)  ; extreme  breadth,  34£  inches  (87.6  cm.)  ; breadth  inside  of  seat 
at  upper  part,  — front,  16^  inches  (41.3  cm.),  back,  14f  inches  (37.5  cm.) ; 
length  of  upper  part  of  arms,  12£  inches  (31.8  cm.) ; extreme  length  of  seat 
from  front  to  back,  inside,  14§  inches  (36.5  cm.) ; extreme  thickness  of  seat, 
44  inches  (10.5  cm.);  slant  of  front  of  seat,  80  degrees;  extreme  height 
of  pedestal,  3§  inches  (8.6  cm.) ; overhang  of  arms  of  seat,  ^ of  an  inch 
(1.1  cm.).  From  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 

Plate  IX,  Vos.  1,  2,  and  3,  crouching  human  figure.  The  head,  which 
has  a band  over  the  forehead,  is  slightly  higher  than  the  back  of  the  figure. 
The  face  is  broad,  the  nose  battered,  and  the  mouth  small.  The  eyes  are 
represented.  The  ears  and  ear-ornaments  are  treated  in  a manner  some- 
what similar  to  those  of  Vos.  3,  4,  and  5 (the  human  figures)  of  Plate 
XXIX.  The  body  itself  is  high  and  the  extremities  are  out  of  proportion 
to  the  rest  of  the  figure.  Veither  the  hands  nor  the  feet  are  well  repre- 
sented. The  left  arm  of  the  seat  is  missing ; the  front  edge  is  much  curved, 
with  a backward  slant  to  the  arms ; the  rear  edge  of  the  seat  is  almost  ver- 


30 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 


tical;  and  the  bottom  of  the  pedestal  is  hollowed  out, — a feature  not  found 
in  any  other  seat.  The  dimensions  are  as  follows : Extreme  height  of  seat, 
right  side,  22f  inches  (56.8  cm.) ; extreme  length  of  seat  from  front  to 
back,  inside,  13£  inches  (34.3  cm.);  length  of  upper  part  of  arms,  10  inches 
(25.4  cm.);  extreme  thickness  of  seat,  2|  inches  (6.7  cm.);  overhang  of  arms 
of  seat,  1§  inches  (4.8  cm.).  From  Cerro  de  Hojas. 

Plate  IX,  Xos.  4,  5,  and  6,  crouching  human  .figure.  The  stone  is 
much  disintegrated.  The  head,  which  has  a band  over  the  forehead,  is 
slightly  higher  than  the  back  of  the  figure.  The  neck  is  round,  with  a 
prominent  swelling,  and  the  body  hardly  appears.  The  hands  are  closed 
and  rest  on  the  pedestal,  with  the  thumb  on  the  forefinger  at  the  top.  The 
toes  project  downward  over  the  upper  part  of  the  back  of  the  base.  The 
height  of  the  arms  of  the  seat  is  unequal,  the  right  side  being  higher  than 
the  left.  The  seat  has  a backward  slant  in  front  and  back  (the  right  arm, 
70  degrees;  the  left  arm,  80  degrees);  and  the  right  side  is  placed  farther 
back  from  the  front  of  the  pedestal  than  the  left  side.  The  dimensions 
are  as  follows : Extreme  height  of  seat,  right  side,  23|  inches  (59.1  cm.) ; 
extreme  breadth,  27|  inches  (70.5  cm.) ; breadth  inside  of  seat  at  upper 
part,  — front,  15 £ inches  (39.4  cm.),  back,  14|  inches  (37.5  cm.);  extreme 
length  of  seat  from  front  to  back,  — inside,  12  inches  (30.5  cm.),  at  upper 
part  of  arms,  9 inches  (22.9  cm.) ; extreme  thickness  of  seat,  3^  inches  (8.3 
cm.) ; right  arm  back  from  pedestal,  1^  inches  (4  cm.) ; left  arm  back 
from  pedestal,  f of  an  inch  (2.2  cm.);  height  of  human  figure  above 
pedestal  to  seat,  11^  inches  (28.6  cm.);  average  height  of  pedestal,  2|  inches 
(7  cm.);  overhang  of  arms  of  seat,  2 inches  (5.1  cm.).  Erom  Cerro  de  Hojas. 

Plate  X,  Xos.  1,  2,  and  3,  crouching  human  figure.  The  stone  is 
much  disintegrated.  The  head,  which  lias  a band  over  the  forehead,  is 
higher  than  the  back  of  the  figure.  The  nose  is  battered  and  the  lower 
part  of  the  face  is  quite  pointed.  The  forearms  are  shortened.  The  left 
hand  is  closed  and  is  placed  on  the  pedestal,  with  the  thumb  on  the  fore- 
finger at  the  top.  The  right  hand  is  broken  off.  The  feet  are  close  to  the 
knees,  and  the  toes  project  downward  and  toward  each  other,  making 
a right  angle  with  the  base.  A double  loin-cloth  is  shown  at  the  back. 
The  seat  rests  on  a support  placed  on  the  back  of  the  figure ; the  arms 
are  of  unequal  height,  the  left  arm  being  lower  than  the  right ; the  front 
and  back  borders  have  a decided  slant  inward ; the  front  and  back  edges 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


31 


are  curved,  so  that  the  tops  of  the  arms  are  much  shorter  in  length  than 
the  central  part  of  the  seat  directly  over  the  figure ; the  length  of  the 
base  from  the  front  to  the  back  is  the  same  as  the  top  of  the  arms.  The 
dimensions  are  as  follows : Extreme  height  of  seat,  right  side,  24§  inches 
(62.5  cm.) ; extreme  breadth,  24§  inches  (61.9  cm.) ; breadth  inside  of  seat 
at  upper  part,  front,  14^  inches  (36.8  cm.)  ; extreme  length  of  seat  from 
front  to  hack,  inside,  12§  inches  (32.1  cm.)  ; length  of  upper  part  of  arm, 
right  side,  8§  inches  (21.3  cm.)  ; extreme  thickness  of  seat,  2§  inches 
(6.7  cm.)  ; slant  of  front  of  seat,  80  degrees ; slant  of  hack,  71  degrees ; 
extreme  height  of  human  figure,  Ilf  inches  (29.5  cm.)  ; average  height  of 
pedestal,  4 inches  (10.2  cm.);  overhang  of  arms  of  seat,  1J  inches  (4.8  cm.). 
Erom  Cerro  de  Hojas. 

Plate  X,  Xos.  4,  5,  and  6,  crouching  human  figure.  The  head,  which 
has  a band  over  the  forehead,  is  slightly  higher  than  the  back  of  the 
figure.  The  nose  is  battered,  but  the  features  of  the  face  are  quite  well 
carved.  The  ears  are  set  well  back  near  the  shoulders.  The  hands  are 
closed  and  are  placed  upon  the  pedestal,  with  the  thumb  on  the  forefinger 
at  the  top.  The  body  is  not  well  carved.  The  pedestal  is  broken.  The 
seat  rests  on  a very  low  support  placed  on  the  back  of  the  figure.  The 
dimensions  are  as  follows : Extreme  height  of  seat,  right  side,  18£  inches 
(47  cm.) ; extreme  breadth,  20  inches  (50.8  cm.) ; breadth  inside  of  seat 
at  upper  part,  13^  inches  (33.7  cm.) ; extreme  length  of  seat  from  front 
to  back,  inside,  9 inches  (22.9  cm.) ; length  of  upper  part  of  arms,  6| 
inches  (15.9  cm.);  extreme  thickness  of  seat,  3 inches  (7.6  cm.);  extreme 
height  of  human  figure,  8 inches  (20.3  cm.) ; average  height  of  pedestal, 
2£  inches  (5.4  cm.);  overhang  of  arms  of  seat,  1^  inches  (3.2  cm.).  Prom 
Cerro  de  Hojas. 

Plate  XI,  Xos.  1,  2,  and  3,  crouching  human  figure.  The  head,  which 
has  a band  over  the  forehead,  is  well  carved  and  is  slightly  higher  than 
the  back  of  the  figure.  The  nose  is  aquiline  and  perfectly  preserved. 
The  lower  part  of  the  face  is  pointed.  The  hands  are  closed  and  placed 
on  the  pedestal,  with  the  thumb  on  the  forefinger  at  the  top.  The  shoulders 
are  prominent.  The  toes  project  downward  over  the  upper  part  of  the 
back  of  the  base.  The  seat  is  massive,  and  the  front  part,  with  the  arms, 
has  a backward  slant ; the  back  part  of  the  left  arm  is  broken ; the  front 
border  is  decorated  with  a grecque  design.  A unique  feature  of  this  seat 


32  Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

will  be  noted  in  illustration  Xo.  2,  wbicli  is  of  tbe  right  side.  The  front 
and  hack  borders  are  separated  from  the  side  of  the  seat  by  a deep  groove, 
giving  the  appearance  of  flanges.  On  the  other  side  of  the  seat  the  flange 
is  present  on  the  front  border,  but  is  not  nearly  as  prominent.  The  di- 
mensions are  as  follows : Extreme  height  of  seat,  left  side,  24§  inches 
(62.5  cm.) ; extreme  breadth,  23^  inches  (60.6  cm.) ; breadth  inside  of  seat 
at  upper  part,  front,  13 £ inches  (34.3  cm.)  ; extreme  length  of  seat  from 
front  to  back,  inside,  16£  inches  (41.9  cm.)  ; length  of  upper  part  of  arms, 
16  inches  (40.6  cm.) ; extreme  thickness  of  seat,  3|  inches  (8.3  cm.) ; slant 
of  front  seat,  79  degrees;  extreme  height  of  human  figure,  10£  inches 
(26.7  cm.) ; average  height  of  pedestal,  3 inches  (7.6  cm.) ; overhang  of 
arms  of  seat,  1^  inches  (3.2  cm.).  From  Oerro  Jaboncillo. 

Plate  XI,  Xos.  4,  5,  and  6,  crouching  human  figure.  The  head,  which 
has  a very  high  band  over  the  forehead,  is  higher  than  the  back  of  the 
figure.  The  well  carved  ears  are  placed  down  towards  the  lower  part  of 
the  face.  The  upper  lip,  nose,  and  forehead  are  battered.  Over  the  lips 
are  seen  lines  which  appear  like  a mustache.  The  hands  are  well  carved 
and  placed  on  the  pedestal,  with  the  thumb  on  the  forefinger  at  the  top. 
The  feet  are  badly  carved,  and  do  not  project  downward  over  the  pedestal. 
A broad  loin-cloth  is  shown  at  the  back.  The  seat  rests  on  a support 
placed  on  the  back  of  the  figure,  and  both  front  and  back  borders  have  a 
decided  slant  backward,  although  the  bottom  of  the  seat  is  nearly  level ; 
the  upward  extension  of  the  arms  is  massive,  and  the  seat  itself  is  un- 
usually thick.  The  dimensions  are  as  follows:  Extreme  height  of  seat, 
right  side,  27£  inches  (70.8  cm.)  ; extreme  breadth,  27§  inches  (70.5  cm.)  ; 
breadth  inside  of  seat  at  upper  part,  — front,  15f  inches  (39.1  cm.),  back, 
14|  inches  (36.2  cm.) ; extreme  length  of  seat  from  front  to  back,  inside, 
14^  inches  (36.2  cm.)  ; length  of  upper  part  of  arms,  114  inches  (29.2  cm.)  ; 
extreme  thickness  of  seat,  3|  inches  (9.5  cm.);  slant  of  front  of  seat,  75 
degrees ; extreme  height  of  human  figure,  10|  inches  (26  cm.) ; average 
height  of  pedestal,  3^  inches  (8.3  cm.) ; overhang  of  arms  of  seat,  2^  inches 
(5.7  cm.).  From  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 

Plate  XII,  Xos.  1,  2,  and  3,  crouching  human  figure.  The  stone  is 
weathered  in  places  and  disintegrated.  The  head,  which  is  very  well 
carved,  has  a band  over  the  forehead,  and  is  slightly  higher  than  the  back 
of  the  figure.  The  nose  is  aquiline  and  perfectly  preserved.  The  lower 


33 


Saville : Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 

part  of  the  face  is  pointed.  The  month  and  eyes  are  indifferently  repre- 
sented. The  forehead-band  on  each  side  ends  in  conventionalized  ears 
with  small  ear-ornaments.  The  hands  are  closed  and  placed  on  the  ped- 
estal, with  the  thumb  on  the  forefinger  at  the  top.  The  toes  project  down- 
ward on  the  upper  part  of  the  back  of  the  base,  and  the  front  toes  are 
placed  close  to  each  other  at  an  angle  from  the  foot.  A double  loin-cloth 
is  shown  over  the  back  of  the  figure.  The  seat  is  well  rounded  in  front ; 
the  arms  (front  and  back)  have  an  upward,  inner  slant ; and  the  front  part 
of  the  left  arm  is  missing.  The  dimensions  are  as  follows : Extreme 
height  of  seat,  right  side,  14|  inches  (36.8  cm.) ; extreme  breadth,  23^ 
inches  (58.7  cm.)  ; breadth  inside  of  seat  at  upper  part,  back,  13§  inches 
(34.6  cm.) ; extreme  length  of  seat  from  front  to  back,  inside,  13£  inches 
(34.3  cm.)  ; length  of  upper  part  of  arms,  9.]  iuches  (24.1  cm.)  ; extreme 
thickness  of  seat,  2|  inches  (7.3  cm.);  slant  of  front  of  seat,  76  degrees; 
extreme  height  of  human  figure,  1 <H  inches  (26.7  cm.)  ; average  height  of 
pedestal,  2§  inches  (7  cm.);  overhang  of  arms  of  seat,  1£  inches  (3.8  cm.). 
Erom  Cerro  Jupa. 

Plate  XII,  Xos.  4,  5,  and  6,  crouching  human  figure.  The  head  has  a 
band  over  the  forehead.  The  face  is  much  disintegrated,  and  is  large  and 
massive.  The  body  of  the  figure  is  not  so  well  carved  as  in  most  of  the 
seats.  The  elbows  do  not  rest  on  the  pedestal,  as  is  the  case  in  the 
majority  of  this  type,  but  are  placed  above  the  knees,  making  the  shoulders 
prominent.  The  hands  are  represented  closed,  set  well  back  from  the 
front  edge  of  the  pedestal.  The  back  of  the  figure  is  almost  plain,  the 
division  of  the  buttocks,  so  prominent  in  most  of  the  seats,  not  being 
represented ; nor  are  the  feet  carved  over  the  back  of  the  pedestal.  The 
seat,  which  is  broad  and  massive,  rests  almost  directly  on  the  back  of 
the  figure;  the  upper  part  of  both  arms  is  missing.  The  dimensions  are 
as  follows:  Extreme  height  of  seat,  left  side,  27^  inches  (68.9  cm.); 
extreme  breadth,  27£  inches  (68.9  cm.);  extreme  length  of  seat  from  front 
to  back,  inside,  — left  side,  16^  inches  (41.3  cm.),  right  side,  14£  inches 
(36.8  cm.);  extreme  thickness  of  seat,  3 inches  (7.6  cm.);  extreme  height 
of  human  figure,  13  inches  (33  cm.) ; average  height  of  pedestal,  3 inches 
(7.6  cm.).  Erom  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 

Plate  XIII,  Xos.  1,  2,  and  3,  crouching  human  figure.  In  this  seat 
the  figure  is  much  smaller  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the  seat  than  in 


34  Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

most  of  the  other  sculptures.  The  head,  which  has  a band  over  the  fore- 
head, is  but  slightly  higher  than  the  figure  itself.  The  nose  is  battered. 
The  eyes  and  mouth  are  but  indistinctly  seen.  Part  of  the  upper  part  of 
the  head,  and  lines  around  the  chest,  are  painted  blue;  but  it  is  not 
certain  that  the  painting  is  ancient.  The  arms  are  entirely  out  of  propor- 
tion to  the  body,  the  hands  being  placed  close  to  the  elbows,  on  the  ped- 
estal, with  the  thumb  on  the  forefinger.  The  shoulders  are  prominent. 
The  legs  are  flexed,  the  heels  resting  on  the  buttocks;  and  the  pedestal 
projects  outward  from  the  back  of  the  figure.  The  seat  rests  directly  on 
the  back  of  the  figure,  and  the  front  part  slants  backward;  there  is  a 
decided  curvature  on  the  interior  surface  of  each  arm  ; the  height  of  the 
arms  is  unequal,  the  right  arm  being  higher  than  the  left.  The  dimen- 
sions are  as  follows : Extreme  height  of  seat,  right  side,  22^  inches  (56.2 
cm.)  ; extreme  breadth,  24  inches  (61  cm.)  ; breadth  inside  of  seat  at  upper 
part,  — front,  16  inches  (40.6  cm.),  back,  154  inches  (38.7  cm.);  extreme 
length  of  seat  from  front  to  back,  inside,  15|  inches  (40  cm.) ; length  of 
upper  part  of  arms,  134  inches  (33.7  cm.) ; extreme  thickness  of  seat,  14 
inches  (3.8  cm.);  slant  of  front  of  seat,  76  degrees;  extreme  height  of 
human  figure,  84  inches  (21.6  cm.) ; average  height  of  pedestal,  2 inches 
(5.1  cm.) ; overhang  of  arms  of  seat,  If  inches  (3.5  cm.).  Prom  Cerro  de 
Hojas. 

Plate  XIII,  Nos.  4,  5,  and  6,  crouching  human  figure.  The  head, 
which  has  a band  over  the  forehead,  is  slightly  higher  than  the  back  of  the 
figure.  The  ears  are  well  carved.  The  uose  is  aquiline  and  well  preserved. 
The  eyes  and  mouth  are  almost  obliterated.  The  hands  are  closed  and 
placed  on  the  pedestal,  with  the  thumb  on  the  forefinger,  and  are  not  well 
carved.  The  body  is  well  rounded  generally.  A double  loin-cloth  is  shown 
at  the  back.  The  toes  project  downward  over  the  upper  part  of  the  back 
of  the  base.  The  bottom  of  the  seat,  which  rests  directly  on  the  back  of 
the  human  figure,  has  a decided  backward  slant,  the  front  edge  being 
slightly  rounded  with  a considerable  slant,  while  the  back  is  almost 
vertical.  The  upper  part  of  the  left  arm  of  the  seat  is  broken  off.  The 
dimensions  are  as  follows : Extreme  height  of  seat,  right  side,  24f  inches 
(62.9  cm.) ; extreme  breadth,  27f  inches  (68.9  cm.)  ; extreme  length  of  seat 
from  front  to  back,  inside,  184  inches  (46  cm.);  length  of  upper  part  of 
right  arm,  14§  inches  (37.1  cm.);  extreme  thickness  of  seat,  3 inches 


35 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Man  a bi,  Ecuador 

(7.6  cm.)  ; slant  of  front  of  seat,  66  degrees ; extreme  height  of  human 
figure,  10§  inches  (27  cm.)  ; average  height  of  pedestal,  2|  inches  (7.3  cm.)  ; 
overhang  of  arms  of  seat,  2|  inches  (7.3  cm.).  From  Oerro  Jaboncillo. 

Plate  XIY,  Xos.  1 and  2,  crouching  human  figure.  The  head  is  placed 
in  front  of  the  body,  which  is  not  carved,  being  in  the  rough.  The  hands 
are  apparently  closed,  resting  on  the  knuckles  on  the  pedestal,  and  placed 
against  the  elbows.  There  are  nodes  on  the  shoulders.  The  seat  rests 
directly  on  the  figure.  The  right  arm  of  the  seat  is  low,  and  the  left  arm 
is  missing.  There  is  a geometric  design  on  the  front  edge  of  the  seat  and 
also  on  the  outer  edge  of  the  extension  of  the  arm.  The  dimensions  are 
as  follows : Extreme  height  of  seat,  right  side,  14§  inches  (37.1  cm.) ; 
extreme  length  of  seat  from  front  to  back,  inside,  9|  inches  (21.8  cm.)  ; 
length  of  upper  part  of  arm,  right,  10|  inches  (25.7  cm.)  ; extreme  thick- 
ness of  seat,  3 inches  (7.6  cm.)  ; extreme  height  of  human  figure,  5|  inches 
(13.3  cm.)  ; extreme  height  of  pedestal,  3 inches  (7.6  cm.)  ; overhang  of 
arms  of  seat,  § of  an  inch  (1  cm.).  From  Oerro  de  Hojas. 

Plate  XI Y,  Xo.  3,  crouching  human  figure.  The  stone  is  very  much 
disintegrated.  The  upper  part  of  the  head  is  flattened  outward,  forming 
a support  for  the  seat.  The  nose  is  well  preserved.  The  ears  and  orna- 
ments are  treated  in  a manner  similar  to  those  shown  in  Xo.  1,  Plate  IX. 
The  arms  are  out  of  proportion  to  the  rest  of  the  body.  The  hands  are 
in  the  same  position  as  are  those  of  the  other  seats.  The  body  is  placed 
against  a slab  which  rises  from  the  back  of  the  pedestal,  forming  a support 
for  the  seat ; between  this  slab  and  the  head  is  a support.  Part  of  the 
pedestal  is  broken  and  the  arms  of  the  seat  are  missing ; on  the  front  edge 
of  the  seat  is  an  incised  geometric  design  combining  the  patterns  of  seats 
Xos.  4 and  5 of  Plate  XIY,  and  Xos.  1,  2,  and  3 of  Plate  XI.  The  dimen- 
sions are  as  follows:  Extreme  height  of  seat,  12§  inches  (32.4  cm.) ; 
extreme  length  of  seat  from  front  to  back,  inside,  11  inches  (27.9  cm.); 
extreme  thickness  of  seat,  2 inches  (5.1  cm.)  ; extreme  height  of  human 
figure,  7^  inches  (18.4  cm.) ; average  height  of  pedestal,  If  inches  (4.8  cm.). 
From  Cerro  de  Hojas. 

Plate  XIY,  Xos.  4 and  5,  fragment  of  seat,  crouching  human  figure. 
The  head,  which  has  been  beautifully  carved  and  shows  a head-band,  is 
very  much  higher  than  the  back  of  the  figure.  The  ears  are  well  down 
toward  the  lower  part  of  the  back  of  the  head  and  are  similar  to  those 


36  Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

shown  in  No.  3 of  this  plate.  The  lower  part  of  the  face  is  entirely  broken 
off.  The  eyes  are  well  carved,  and  the  fragment  of  the  nose  also  shows 
the  same  feature.  The  right  hand  is  missing ; but  the  left  hand  is  small, 
and  carved  in  a conventional  manner.  The  legs  are  entirely  out  of  pro- 
portion to  the  rest  of  the  body,  being  slender;  and  the  feet  are  very 
small.  Against  the  back  of  the  body  is  placed  a thin  slab  which  rises 
from  the  pedestal,  forming  a support  for  the  back  of  the  seat ; between 
the  head  and  this  slab  is  a support  placed  on  the  back  of  the  body.  The 
arms  of  the  seat  are  entirely  missing,  but  on  the  front  edge  are  three 
sections  of  a deeply  incised  geometric  pattern.  The  dimensions  are  as 
follows:  Extreme  height  of  seat,  16  inches  (40.6  cm.);  extreme  length  of 
seat  from  front  to  back,  inside,  T2f  inches  (32.4  cm.)  ; extreme  thickness 
of  seat,  2|  inches  (7.3  cm.) ; extreme  height  of  human  figure,  10  inches 
(25.4  cm.)  ; extreme  height  of  pedestal,  2 inches  (5.1  cm.).  From  Cerro 
de  Hojas. 

Plate  XI Y,  No.  6,  upper  part  of  the  arm  of  a stone  seat,  with  the 
representation  on  the  upper  surface  of  an  animal  carved  in  relief.  The 
dimensions  are  as  follows : Overhang  of  arms  of  seat,  1 inch  (2.5  cm.)  ; 
length  from  front  to  back  of  fragment  of  arm,  10£  inches  (26.7  cm.)  ; 
length  of  figure  carved  on  top,  5§  inches  (14.6  cm.)  ; height  of  arm,  2£ 
inches  (6.3  cm.).  From  Cerro  de  Hojas. 

Plate  XIY,  Xos.  7 and  8,  fragment  of  seat,  crouching  human  figure. 
The  seat  and  the  greater  part  of  the  base  are  missing.  The  head,  which 
has  a high  hand  over  the  forehead,  is  as  large  as  the  body,  and  rests  on  the 
back  of  the  shoulders,  forming  a right  angle  ivith  the  body.  The  ears  are 
large  and  placed  on  the  side  of  the  head  at  the  lower  part  of  the  head- 
band,  and  are  similar  to  those  shown  in  Xos.  3 and  4 of  this  plate.  The 
features  of  the  face  are  battered.  The  left  hand  is  placed  at  the  elbow, 
apparently  closed,  although  in  a battered  condition,  the  right  hand  being 
entirely  missing.  The  back  of  the  body,  including  the  legs,  is  poorly 
carved.  The  body  is  placed  against  a vertical  slab  which  runs  from  the 
lower  part  of  the  base  upwards,  and  forms  the  rear  support  for  the  seat. 
Between  the  back  of  the  head  and  this  slab  is  a high  block.  The  dimen- 
sions are  as  follows:  Extreme  height  of  seat,  17^  inches  (43.8  cm.);  extreme 
length  of  seat  from  front  to  back,  inside,  11^  inches  (28.6  cm.) ; extreme 
thickness  of  seat,  3 inches  (7.6  cm.) ; extreme  height  of  human  figure,  11§ 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


37 


inches  (28.3  cm.)  ; extreme  height  of  pedestal,  3^  inches  (8.3  cm.).  From 
Cerro  de  Hojas. 

Plate  XY,  Xos.  1,  2,  3,  and  4,  crouching  human  figure.  The  face  is 
very  much  battered;  a band  is  shown  over  the  forehead.  The  head  is 
placed  directly  in  front  of  the  figure,  which  is  represented  with  the  rear 
part  higher  than  the  chest.  The  arms  are  short  and  conventionalized. 
The  rear  of  the  figure  shows  the  legs  spread  out  with  the  feet  under  the 
hips.  The  figure  itself  is  one  of  the  smallest  of  any  found  in  the  Manabi 
seats.  The  pedestal  has  a considerable  outward  extension  on  either  side 
of  the  figure ; the  seat  is  broad  and  massive ; and  the  whole  front  appears 
to  have  suffered  from  fire : consequently  it  is  impossible  to  determine 
whether  the  front  border  was  decorated.  The  top  of  the  arms,  the  outer 
extensions,  and  the  entire  surface  of  the  back  border,  have  geometric 
patterns.  This  decoration  probably  extended  over  the  front  border  as 
well.  The  dimensions  are  as  follows:  Extreme  height  of  seat,  left  side, 
19^  inches  (48.6  cm.) ; extreme  breadth,  29  inches  (73.7  cm.)  ; breadth 
inside  of  seat  at  upper  part,  — front,  17J  inches  (44.5  cm.),  back,  17  inches 
(43.2  cm.);  extreme  length  of  seat  from  front  to  back,  inside,  8f  inches 
(21.3  cm.)  ; extreme  thickness  of  seat,  3£  inches  (8.9  cm.) ; slant  of  front  of 
seat,  82£  degrees ; extreme  height  of  human  figure,  6^  inches  (15.9  cm.)  ; 
average  height  of  pedestal,  2 inches  (5.1  cm.) ; overhang  of  arms  of  seat, 
2f  inches  (6.7  cm.).  From  Cerro  Agua  Xuevo. 

Plate  XYI,  Xos.  1,  2,  and  3,  small  unfinished  seat,  having  a massive 
support,  and  showing  marks  of  pecking.  On  the  front  part  is  a rude  face, 
probably  a puma.  The  arms  are  broken  off,  and  the  back  is  entirely 
plain.  The  dimensions  are  as  follows:  Extreme  height  of  seat,  15§ 
inches  (39.1  cm.);  extreme  length  of  seat  from  front  to  back,  inside,  11£ 
inches  (29.2  cm.) ; apparent  thickness  of  seat,  3 inches  (7.6  cm.) ; extreme 
height  of  supporting  figure,  7 inches  (17.8  cm.)  ; extreme  height  of  pedestal, 
3 inches  (7.6  cm.).  From  Cerro  de  Hojas. 

Plate  XYI,  Xos.  4,  5,  and  6,  crouching  human  figure.  The  stone  is 
much  disintegrated.  The  head,  which  has  a band  over  the  forehead,  is 
considerably  higher  than  the  back  of  the  figure.  The  ears  are  set  well 
back,  and  with  the  eyes  are  well  carved.  The  nose  is  battered,  and  the^ 
mouth  is  almost  imperceptible.  The  forehead  is  broad,  and  the  lower 
part  of  the  face  is  narrow.  The  hands  project  from  the  elbows  on  either 


38 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 


side,  and  are  much  destroyed.  The  toes  project  downward  over  the  upper 
part  of  the  base,  and  are  placed  close  to  each  other  at  an  angle  from  the 
feet.  The  seat  rests  on  a support  placed  on  the  back  of  the  figure : the 
arms  are  broken  off.  The  dimensions  are  as  follows : Extreme  height  of 
seat,  20  inches  (50.8  cm.)  ; extreme  breadth,  23  inches  (58.4  cm.) ; extreme 
length  of  seat  from  front  to  back,  inside,  13£  inches  (34.3  cm.)  ; extreme 
thickness  of  seat,  3|  inches  (9.8  cm.)  ; extreme  height  of  human  figure,  10 
inches  (25.4  cm.) ; extreme  height  of  pedestal,  4£  inches  (11.4  cm.).  From 
Cerro  de  Hojas. 

Plate  XVII,  Xo.  1,  crouching  human  figure,  the  smallest  specimen 
known  from  Manabi.  The  base  is  broken,  and  the  arms  of  the  seat  are 
entirely  missing.  The  head,  which  has  a band  over  the  forehead,  is  higher 
than  the  back  of  the  figure.  The  ears  are  large,  the  nose  prominent,  and 
the  lower  part  of  the  face  rather  pointed.  The  hands  are  closed  and  are 
placed  on  the  pedestal,  with  the  thumb  on  the  forefinger  at  the  top.  The 
feet  are  large  and  not  well  carved.  A loin-cloth  is  shown  between  the  legs 
at  the  rear.  The  seat  rests  on  a support  on  the  back  of  the  figure.  This 
specimen  is  of  very  great  interest  on  account  of  its  diminutive  size.  The 
dimensions  are  as  follows:  Extreme  height  of  seat,  7^  inches  (18.4  cm.); 
extreme  length  of  seat  from  front  to  back,  inside,  8 inches  (20.3  cm.) ; 
extreme  thickness  of  seat,  1 inch  (2.5  cm.);  extreme  height  of  human 
figure,  4f  inches  (11.7  cm.) ; extreme  height  of  pedestal,  1 inch  (2.5  cm.). 
From  Cerro  de  Hojas. 

We  now  come  to  the  series  of  the  animal  figure  support  type. 

Plate  XVII,  Xo.  2,  small,  broken  seat.  The  sides  and  back  are  not 
carved.  The  head  of  an  animal  is  carved  in  relief  on  the  front,  but  no 
body  is  shown.  The  peck-marks  of  the  tools  used  in  carving  this  sculp- 
ture are  more  prominent  than  in  the  majority  of  the  seats.  The  face  of 
the  animal  has  incised  lines  over  the  forehead  and  below  the  nose,  pro- 
jecting down  on  either  side  of  the  cheek.  The  lips  are  very  prominent. 
The  arms  of  the  seat  are  entirely  missing.  The  dimensions  are  as  follows: 
Extreme  height  of  seat,  9£  inches  (24.1  cm.)  ; extreme  length  of  seat  from 
front  to  back,  inside,  7 inches  (17.8  cm.) ; extreme  thickness  of  seat,  1| 
inches  (3.2  cm.) ; extreme  height  of  support  of  seat  with  animal  head,  6f 
inches  (17.1  cm.) ; extreme  height  of  pedestal,  1 inch  (2.5  cm.).  From 
Cerro  de  Hojas. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador  39 

Eig.  1 is  a head  somewhat  similar  in  character  to  the  head  on 
the  seat  jnst  described.  It  has  been  broken  off  from  a larger  sculpture, 
undoubtedly  a small  seat.  The  mouth 
is  highly  conventionalized,  and  incised 
lines  extend  over  each  side  of  the  face. 

Plate  XVII,  Xo.  3,  small,  broken 
seat.  The  sides  and  hack  are  not  carved. 

An  animal  figure  projects  from  the  front 
of  the  base.  The  head  is  out  of  propor- 
tion to  the  rest  of  the  body.  The  nose 
and  eyes  are  prominent,  and  the  month 
is  represented  by  a serrated  line.  The 
fore  legs  of  the  animal  are  angular. 

The  dimensions  are  as  follows : Extreme 
height  of  seat,  9£  inches  (21.1  cm.)  ; ex- 
treme length  of  seat  from  front  to  back,  inside,  6^  inches  (17.5  cm.)  ; 
extreme  thickness  of  seat,  inches  (2.9  cm.)  ; extreme  height  of  animal 
figure,  6 inches  (15.2  cm.)  ; extreme  height  of  pedestal,  1 inch  (2.5  cm.). 
Erom  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 

Plate  XVIII,  Xos.  1,  2,  and  3,  crouching  animal  figure,  probably  a 
puma.  The  face  is  well  carved.  The  ears  are  prominent.  The  lower  part 
of  the  fore  legs  end  in  human  hands  placed  on  the  pedestal,  with  the 
thumb  on  the  forefinger  at  the  top.  The  hind  legs  are  small  and  conven- 
tionalized. The  hack  of  the  figure  is  entirely  plain,  perhaps  unfinished. 
The  seat  is  broad  and  massive  with  heavy  outer  extensions  to  the  upper 
part  of  the  arms ; the  left  arm  is  higher  than  the  right  arm.  The  dimen- 
sions are  as  follows:  Extreme  height  of  seat,  left  side,  23f  inches  (60.3 
cm.)  ; extreme  breadth,  29§  inches  (75.9  cm.) ; breadth  inside  of  seat  at 
upper  part,  — front,  17  inches  (13.2  cm.),  hack,  16£  inches  (11.9  cm.); 
extreme  length  of  seat  from  front  to  hack,  inside,  11^  inches  (35.9  cm.) ; 
extreme  thickness  of  seat,  2|  inches  (7  cm.)  ; slant  of  front  of  seat,  67 
degrees;  extreme  height  of  animal  figure,  10  inches  (25.1  cm.);  average 
height  of  pedestal,  2|  inches  (7  cm.) ; overhang  of  arms  of  seat,  2£  inches 
(6.3  cm.).  Erom  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 

Plate  XVIII,  Xos.  1,  5,  and  6,  crouching  animal  figure,  probably  a 
puma.  The  head  projects  forward  on  a level  with  the  back.  The  ears  are 


40 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 


prominent.  The  fore  legs,  which  are  carved  in  the  same  way  as  are  those 
of  the  human  figures,  have  human  hands  resting  on  the  pedestal,  with  the 
thumb  placed  on  the  forefinger  at  the  top.  The  hind  feet  are  convention- 
alized, and  placed  in  front  of  the  hips.  The  tail  is  coiled  around  the  right 
hind  leg.  The  seat  is  placed  directly  on  the  back  of  the  animal  with  a 
decided  slant  backward  toward  the  upper  part  of  the  arms;  the  arms 
are  of  unequal  height,  the  right  arm  being  higher  than  the  left,  and  longer 
from  front  to  back;  the  pedestal  is  massive.  The  dimensions  are  as 
follows : Extreme  height  of  seat,  right  side,  25§  inches  (65.1  cm.) ; extreme 
breadth,  26§  inches  (67  cm.) ; breadth  inside  of  seat  at  upper  part,  — front, 
17£  inches  (44.5  cm.),  back,  17§  inches  (44.1  cm.) ; extreme  length  of  seat 
from  front  to  back,  inside,  15f  inches  (40  cm.);  length  of  upper  part  of 
arms,  12£  inches  (31.8  cm.) ; extreme  thickness  of  seat,  3 inches  (7.6  cm.) ; 
slant  of  front  of  seat,  78  degrees;  extreme  height  of  animal  figure, 
10  inches  (25.4  cm.);  average  height  of  pedestal,  3|  inches  (8.3  cm.); 
overhang  of  arms  of  seat,  1 inch  (2.5  cm.).  From  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 

Plate  XIX,  Xos  1, 2,  and  3,  crouching  animal  figure,  probably  a puma. 
The  head  projects  outward  in  front  of  the  pedestal  on  a level  with  the  top 
of  the  back.  The  ears  and  teeth  are  prominent.  The  face  is  well  carved. 
The  fore  legs  end  with  human  hands  placed  on  the  pedestal  with  the 
thumb  on  the  forefinger  at  the  top.  The  hind  legs  are  small,  convention- 
alized, and  out  of  proportion  to  the  rest  of  the  figure,  and  are  just  back  of 
the  elbows.  The  rear  part  of  the  figure  is  plain,  with  slight  indication 
of  the  buttocks  at  the  bottom,  and  no  tail  is  represented.  The  seat  rests 
directly  upon  the  back,  and  the  bottom  of  the  seat  slopes  backward 
towards  the  rear  of  the  figure ; the  arms  are  of  unequal  length,  — the  left 
arm  being  considerably  higher  than  the  right,  — which  gives  the  appearance 
of  the  whole  seat  being  placed  unevenly  on  the  back  of  the  animal.  The 
dimensions  are  as  follows:  Extreme  height  of  seat,  left  side,  25|  inches 
(65.4cm.);  extreme  breadth,  24^  inches  (61.6  cm.);  breadth  inside  of  seat 
at  upper  part,  — front,  14f  inches  (37.5  cm.),  back,  15^  inches  (38.7  cm.); 
length  of  upper  part  of  arms,  13.(  inches  (34.3  cm.) ; extreme  thickness  of 
seat,  2§  inches  (6  cm.) ; slant  of  front  of  seat,  79£  degrees;  extreme  height 
of  animal  figure,  10£  inches  (26.7  cm.) ; average  height  of  pedestal,  2f 
inches  (7  cm.) ; overhang  of  arms  of  seat,  1 inch  (2.5  cm.).  From  Cerro 
Jaboncillo. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador  41 

Plate  XIX,  Xos.  4,  5,  and  6,  crouching  animal  figure,  probably  a 
puma.  The  head  projects  well  outward  in  front  of  the  base  on  a level 
with  the  back  of  the  figure.  The  ears  are  large  and  prominent.  The  fore 
feet  are  human,  resting  on  the  pedestal  with  the  thumb  on  the  forefinger 
at  the  top.  The  hind  legs  are  hardly  represented ; and  the  back  of  the 
figure  is  almost  plain,  with  the  exception  of  a vertical  groove  in  the  centre, 
dividing  the  two  rear  parts  of  the  figure.  The  seat  projects  over  the 
front  and  back  of  the  pedestal ; the  left  arm  is  higher  than  the  right  arm  ; 
and  there  is  a decided  curve  to  the  front  border  of  the  seat.  The 
dimensions  are  as  follows : Extreme  height  of  seat,  left  side,  21  inches 
(53.3  cm.) ; extreme  breadth,  24|  inches  (61.3  cm.) ; breadth  inside  of  seat 
at  upper  part,  — front,  154  inches  (39.4  cm.),  back,  14|  inches  (37.5  cm.); 
extreme  length  of  seat  from  front  to  back,  inside,  16-J  inches  (41.9  cm.)  ; 
length  of  upper  part  of  arms,  13)f  inches  (33.7  cm.) ; extreme  thickness  of 
seat,  If  inches  (4.8  cm.);  slant  of  front  of  seat,  71  degrees;  extreme 
height  of  animal  figure,  lOf  inches  (26.7  cm.) ; average  height  of  pedestal, 
2 inches  (5.1  cm.) ; overhang  of  arms  of  seat,  1 inch  (2.5  cm.).  From 
Cerro  de  Hojas. 

Plate  XX,  Xos,  1,  2,  and  3,  crouching  animal  figure.  The  stone  is 
much  disintegrated.  The  ears  are  prominent.  The  pedestal  is  quite  thick. 
The  arms  are  of  unequal  height,  the  right  arm  being  slightly  higher  than 
the  left.  The  front  border  shows  a very  much  defaced  geometric  design. 
The  dimensions  are  as  follows:  Extreme  height  of  seat,  right  side,  16f 
inches  (41.3  cm.) ; extreme  breadth,  21f  inches  (54.6  cm.)  ; breadth  inside 
of  seat  at  upper  part, — front,  15|  inches  (38.7  cm.),  back,  14f  inches  (37.8 
cm.) ; extreme  length  of  seat  from  front  to  back,  inside,  9f  inches  (24.8 
cm.) ; length  of  upper  part  of  arms,  9 inches  (22.9  cm.) ; extreme  thickness 
of  seat,  2 inches  (5.1  cm.);  slant  of  front  of  seat,  75  degrees;  extreme 
height  of  animal  figure,  8 inches  (20.3  cm.) ; extreme  height  of  pedestal, 
24  inches  (6.3  cm.) ; overhang  of  arms  of  seat,  4 of  an  inch  (1.3  cm.). 
From  Cerro  Jupa. 

Plate  XX,  Xos.  4,  5,  and  6,  crouching  animal  figure,  probably  a 
puma.  The  carving  of  this  seat  is  very  much  weathered ; but  the  figure 
is  quite  like  that  of  Xos.  1,  2,  and  3 of  Plate  XXI.  The  fore  feet  or 
hands  are  massive.  The  seat  rests  directly  on  the  back  of  the  figure ; the 
arms  are  of  unequal  height,  the  left  arm  being  higher  than  the  right.  A 


42  Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

much  defaced  geometric  pattern  is  carved  on  the  front  border.  The 
dimensions  are  as  follows : Extreme  height  of  seat,  left  side,  19£  inches 
(49.5  cm.) ; extreme  breadth,  20£  inches  (52.1  cm.) ; breadth  inside  of  seat 
at  upper  part,  — front,  15^  inches  (38.7  cm.),  back,  13£  inches  (34.3  cm.); 
extreme  length  of  seat  from  front  to  hack,  inside,  11£  inches  (29.2  cm.) ; 
length  of  upper  part  of  arms,  lOf  inches  (26  cm.) ; extreme  thickness  of 
seat,  2§  inches  (6  cm.) ; slant  of  front  of  seat,  80  degrees ; extreme  height 
of  animal  figure,  7|  inches  (19.7  cm.);  extreme  height  of  pedestal,  2 
inches  (5.1  cm.) ; overhang  of  arms  of  seat,  £ of  an  inch  (1.3  cm.).  Erom 
Cerro  Jupa. 

Plate  XXI,  Xos.  1,  2,  and  3,  crouching  animal  figure,  probably  a 
puma.  This  is  one  of  the  best  specimens  of  carving  from  Manabi.  The 
face  of  the  animal  is  well  represented.  There  are  lines  over  the  forehead, 
and  the  mouth  with  teeth  is  shown.  The  seat  rests  directly  on  the  back 
of  the  figure,  with  the  back  part  very  much  lower  than  the  front;  the  arms 
are  of  unequal  height,  the  left  arm  being  slightly  higher  than  the  right. 
On  the  front  border  of  this  seat  is  a geometric  design  deeply  cut,  with 
patterns  similar  to  those  found  on  pottery  stamps  from  this  region  (see 
Plate  XLII,  Xos.  12  and  13).  The  dimensions  are  as  follows : Extreme 
height  of  seat,  left  side,  17|  inches  (45.1  cm.) ; extreme  breadth,  19|  inches 
(48.9  cm.) ; breadth  inside  of  seat,  — centre,  16f  inches  (41.3  cm.),  back,  15 
inches  (38.1  cm.),  extreme  thickness  of  seat,  If  inches  (4.8  cm.) ; slant  of 
front  of  seat,  74  degrees ; extreme  height  of  animal  figure,  7 inches  (17.8 
cm.);  extreme  height  of  pedestal,  If  inches  (4.4  cm.);  overhang  of  arms 
of  seat,  f of  an  inch  (0.6  cm.).  From  Cerro  Jupa. 

Plate  XXI,  Xos.  4,  5,  and  6,  crouching  animal  figure,  probably  a 
puma.  This  seat  is  the  most  massive  for  its  size  of  any  seat  from  Manabi. 
It  is  of  a soft,  friable,  argillaceous,  shaly  sandstone,  and  the  surface  is 
quite  weathered.  The  head  of  the  animal  projects  in  front  of  the  figure. 
The  shoulders  are  prominent.  The  fore  feet  do  not  show  traces  of  toes. 
The  hind  legs  are  not  shown,  the  back  of  the  figure  being  like  a solid 
support  for  the  seat,  entirely  plain  except  for  a vertical  groove,  which 
divides  it  into  two  sections.  The  seat  is  broad,  with  large,  rounded, 
globular-like  swellings  on  either  side  below  the  arm-rests,  which  are 
unusually  broad.  The  front  edge  of  the  seat  is  decorated  with  geometric 
designs  similar  to  those  in  Xo.  1 of  Plate  XXVI.  The  swelling  of  the 


Saville : Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


43 


body  of  the  seat  on  either  side  about  the  arm-extensions  or  arm-rests  is 
also  a feature,  but  not  in  so  pronounced  a manner,  in  seats  Nos.  1,  2, 
and  3 of  Plate  XXY,  and  in  No.  1 of  Plate  XXYI.  The  dimensions  are 
as  follows:  Extreme  height  of  seat,  left  side,  23£  inches  (58.7  cm.) ; 

extreme  breadth,  31  inches  (78.7  cm.) ; breadth  inside  of  seat  at  upper 
part,  14  inches  (35.6  cm.) ; extreme  length  of  seat  from  front  to  back, 
inside,  — right  side,  12£  inches  (31.8  cm.),  left  side,  13  inches  (33  cm.); 
average  length  of  upper  part  of  arms,  12  inches  (30.5  cm.) ; extreme 
thickness  of  seat,  3 inches  (7.6  cm.) ; extreme  height  of  animal  figure, 
7^  inches  (19  cm.);  average  height  of  pedestal,  1£  inches  (3.8  cm.) ; over- 
hang of  arms  of  seat,  5£  inches  (14  cm.).  From  Cerro  Agua  Nuevo. 

Plate  XXII,  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3,  crouching  animal  figure,  probably  a 
puma.  The  head  projects  well  outward  in  front  of  the  base,  the  upper 
part  being  slightly  higher  than  the  back  of  the  body.  The  figure  has  been 
well  carved,  but  the  stone  is  quite  disintegrated.  The  head  is  out  of  pro- 
portion to  the  rest  of  the  body.  The  forearms  have  prominent  shoulders, 
and  the  hands  or  feet  project  downward  over  the  front  of  the  pedestal. 
The  tail  has  been  coiled  around  the  left  hind  leg,  partly  represented  on  the 
pedestal,  which  on  both  sides  is  broken  off.  The  seat  rests  directly  on  the 
back  of  the  animal,  and  is  the  only  specimen  from  Manabi  in  which  there 
are  no  outward  extensions  to  the  upper  part  of  the  arms.  The  dimensions 
are  as  follows : Extreme  height  of  seat,  left  side,  18  inches  (45.7  cm.)  ; 
extreme  length  of  seat  from  front  to  back,  inside,  12  inches  (30.5  cm.) ; 
length  of  upper  part  of  arms,  12  inches  (30.5  cm.) ; extreme  thickness 
of  seat,  1^  inches  (3.8  cm.) ; extreme  height  of  animal  figure,  7|  inches 
(18.1  cm.) ; extreme  height  of  pedestal,  2 inches  (5.1  cm.).  From  Cerro 
de  Hojas. 

Plate  XXII,  Nos.  4,  5,  and  6,  crouching  animal  figure,  probably  a 
puma.  The  head  is  slightly  higher  than  the  back  of  the  body.  The  face 
is  rather  well  carved ; the  ears  are  shown ; the  teeth  are  prominent ; the 
chest  is  rounded ; the  shoulders  are  large ; the  feet  are  small ; and  the  tail 
is  coiled  between  the  hind  legs.  The  seat  rests  directly  on  the  back  of  the 
animal,  and  is  massive  and  thick ; the  arms  are  very  low  and  spreading. 
The  dimensions  are  as  follows:  Extreme  height  of  seat,  12  inches  (30.5 
cm.) ; extreme  length  of  seat  from  front  to  back,  inside,  9 inches  (22.9 
cm.)  ; extreme  thickness  of  seat,  If  inches  (4.4  cm.) ; extreme  height  of 


44  Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

animal  figure,  7^  inches  (18.4  cm.) ; extreme  height  of  pedestal,  2 inches 
(5.1  cm.).  From  Cerro  de  Hojas. 

Plate  XXIII,  Xos.  1 and  2,  crouching  animal  figure,  probably  a 
puma.  The  whole  rear  part  of  the  seat  is  missing.  The  head  is  round. 
The  ears  are  not  shown,  and  the  teeth  are  prominent.  The  shoulders 
are  rounded  nodes  like  those  in  seats  Xo.  1 of  Plate  XXII  and  Xo.  1 of 
Plate  XIY  with  the  human  figures.  The  fore  legs  are  much  longer  than 
in  the  majority  of  animal  figures.  The  feet  are  represented  by  five  lines, 
which  rest  with  the  tips  of  the  toes  on  the  pedestal.  The  left  arm  of  the 
seat  is  lower  than  the  right  arm.  The  dimensions  are  as  follows : Extreme 
height  of  seat,  right  side,  21  inches  (53.3  cm.) ; extreme  breadth,  22  inches 
(55.9  cm.) ; extreme  thickness  of  seat,  2^  inches  (7.3  cm.)  ; extreme  height 
of  animal  figure,  8£  inches  (21  cm.) ; extreme  height  of  pedestal,  If  inches 
(4.4  cm.) ; overhang  of  arms  of  seat,  £ of  an  inch  (1.3  cm.).  From  Cerro 
de  Hojas. 

Plate  XXI Y,  Xos.  1,  2,  and  3,  crouching  animal  figure,  probably  a 
puma.  The  head,  which  is  on  a level  with  the  back  of  the  figure,  projects 
well  forward  in  front  of  the  seat  and  pedestal.  The  breast  is  rounded  and 
prominent.  The  shoulders  are  enormous  nodes.  The  fore  feet  are  much 
disintegrated,  but  apparently  of  human  type.  The  hind  legs  are  well 

carved,  but  the  lower  part  is  out  of  proportion  to  the  rest  of  the  figure,  the 
feet  being  very  small.  The  tail  coils  around  the  right  hind  leg,  and  the  tip 
of  the  tail  is  slightly  represented  back  of  the  right  fore  foot.  This  seat  is 
different  from  those  seen  in  the  other  examples  from  Manabi.  The  out- 
ward upper  extension  of  the  arms  is  missing,  but  instead,  a rim  is  carved  on 
either  side.  The  left  arm  is  higher  than  the  right  arm,  and  on  the  top  are 
three  slight  pits.  The  dimensions  are  as  follows : Extreme  height  of  seat, 
left  side,  21^  inches  (54  cm.) ; extreme  breadth,  22|  inches  (56.5  cm.) ; 
breadth  inside  of  seat  at  upper  part,  — front,  16|  inches  (42.5  cm.),  back,  16 
inches  (40.6  cm.) ; extreme  length  of  seat  from  front  to  back,  inside,  14| 
inches  (37.5  cm.) ; length  of  upper  part  of  arms,  13|  inches  (33.7  cm.)  ; 
extreme  thickness  of  seat,  2J  inches  (6.3  cm.) ; slant  of  front  of  seat,  80 
degrees ; extreme  height  of  animal  figure,  11  inches  (27.9  cm.) ; average 
height  of  pedestal,  If  inches  (4.4  cm.).  From  Cerro  de  Hojas. 

Plate  XXY,  Xos.  1,  2,  and  3,  crouching  animal  figure,  probably  a 
puma.  The  stone  is  very  much  disintegrated,  and  the  figure  is  rudely 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


45 


carved.  The  head  is  placed  between  the  shoulders.  The  arms  are  very 
long,  and  extend  full  length  from  the  shoulders  downward,  thus  raising 
the  front  part  of  the  body  above  the  rear,  which  shows  the  hind  legs 
low  and  crouching.  The  feet  rest  on  the  pedestal,  back  from  the  front 
edge.  The  seat  rests  directly  on  the  arched  body  and  head  of  the 
animal ; the  arms  are  of  unequal  length,  the  right  arm  being  higher  than 
the  left.  The  whole  sculpture  is  unusually  narrow  from  front  to  back. 
The  dimensions  are  as  follows : Extreme  height  of  seat,  right  side,  28f 
inches  (72.1  cm.);  extreme  breadth,  34^  inches  (86.7  cm.);  breadth  inside 
of  seat  at  upper  part,  — front,  19  inches  (48.3  cm.),  back,  18f  inches  (47.6 
cm.) ; extreme  length  of  seat  from  front  to  back,  inside,  10  inches  (25.4 
cm.) ; length  of  upper  part  of  arms,  8 inches  (20.3  cm.) ; extreme  thick- 
ness of  seat,  3^  inches  (8.3  cm.);  slant  of  front  of  seat,  78  degrees; 
extreme  height  of  animal  figure,  12  inches  (30.5  cm.);  average  height  of 
pedestal,  2 inches  (5.1  cm.) ; overhang  of  arms  of  seat,  3 inches  (7.6  cm.). 
From  Cerro  Agua  Nuevo. 

Plate  XX YI,  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3.  Seat  of  an  entirely  different  type 
from  any  other  found  in  Manabi.  Upon  the  pedestal,  which  is  quite  thin, 
near  the  back,  is  a slab-like  support  upon  which  rests  the  seat;  in  front  of 
this  slab  is  carved  a figure,  now  much  defaced,  which  resembles  a lizard, 
with  the  head  resting  on  the  front  part  of  the  pedestal.  The  seat  is  broad ; 
the  left  arm  is  higher  than  the  right,  and  the  front  edge  is  decorated  with 
geometric  patterns.  In  the  centre  of  this  border  a rectangular  piece  is  cut 
out.  On  the  outer  part  of  the  seat,  near  the  front  and  back  edge,  is  a raised 
band.  The  dimensions  are  as  follows : Extreme  height  of  seat,  both  sides, 
26|  inches  (68  cm.);  extreme  breadth,  26^  inches  (67.3  cm.);  breadth  inside 
of  seat  at  upper  part,  — front,  19|  inches  (48.9  cm.),  back,  19^  inches 
(48.9  cm.)  ; extreme  length  of  seat  from  front  to  back,  inside,  12£  inches 
(31.8  cm.) ; length  of  upper  part  of  arms,  10§  inches  (27.3  cm.) ; extreme 
thickness  of  seat,  2§  inches  (6.7  cm.) ; slant  in  front  of  seat,  80  degrees ; 
extreme  height  of  supporting  figure,  12£  inches  (31.8  cm.) ; average  height 
of  pedestal,  2|  inches  (6.7  cm.) ; overhang  of  arms  of  seat,  § of  an  inch 
(1.9  cm.).  From  Cerro  Jupa. 

Plate  XXVII,  No.  1,  fragment  of  a small  stone  seat.  This  small 
sculpture  lacks  the  whole  left  side,  and  it  is  difficult  to  conjecture  what 
was  really  the  original  shape.  On  the  front  part  of  the  support,  above  the 


46  Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

pedestal,  a disc  is  carved  in  relief,  in  the  centre  of  which  is  an  animal  face 
resembling  a puma.  This  design  is  identical  with  the  copper  discs  on 
Plate  XLI,  from  this  region,  which  are  also  found  in  various  parts  of  the 
interior  provinces  of  Ecuador.  Descriptions  of  these  copper  objects  will 
be  found  further  on.  The  dimensions  are  as  follows:  Extreme  height  of 
seat,  right  side,  11  inches  (27.9  cm.) ; extreme  thickness  of  seat,  1|  inches 
(3.2  cm.) ; extreme  height  of  pedestal,  1£  inches  (3.8  cm.) ; size  of  disc  on 
front  of  seat,  6 inches  (15.2  cm.).  Prom  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 

Plate  XXVII,  Xo.  2,  small  massive  seat.  The  upper  part  of  the 
arms  is  missing.  The  pedestal  is  only  a little  larger  than  the  square 
block  which  serves  as  a support  for  the  seat.  The  sides  and  back  are  not 
sculptured,  and  the  front,  which  is  carved  in  relief,  has  a rude  figure 
resembling  a monkey,  which  is  too  much  disintegrated  to  determine 
accurately  whether  the  hands  support  anything.  The  dimensions  are  as 
follows : Extreme  height  of  seat,  right  side,  14^  inches  (36.2  cm.) ; extreme 
breadth,  19£  inches  (49.5  cm.) ; breadth  inside  of  seat  at  upper  part,  15 
inches  (38.1  cm.) ; extreme  length  of  seat  from  front  to  back,  inside,  91- 
inches  (24.8  cm.) ; extreme  thickness  of  seat,  2|  inches  (5.7  cm.) ; extreme 
height  of  animal  figure,  7§  inches  (18.7  cm.) ; extreme  height  of  pedestal, 
1£  inches  (3.8  cm.) ; overhang  of  arms  of  seat,  f of  an  inch  (1  cm.).  Prom 
Cerro  Agua  Xuevo. 

Plate  XXVII,  Xo.  3,  small,  low  seat.  The  arms  are  missing,  and 
the  support  is  a solid,  square  block  resting  on  a massive  pedestal.  The 
sides  and  back  are  not  carved ; on  the  front  of  this  block  is  carved  in  relief 
a very  realistic  representation  of  a bat  with  outspread  wings.  The 
dimensions  are  as  follows:  Extreme  height  of  seat,  11^  inches  (28.6  cm.); 
extreme  length  of  seat  from  front  to  back,  inside,  8£  inches  (21.6  cm.); 
extreme  thickness  of  seat,  If  inches  (4.4  cm.) ; extreme  height  of  pedestal, 
2 inches  (5.1  cm.).  Prom  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 

The  following  is  a description  of  broken  seats  not  illustrated  in  this 
report. 

Seat  (533),  crouching  human  figure.  The  pedestal  is  broken  off  and 
the  base  has  been  restored  with  cement.  The  whole  stone  is  somewhat  dis- 
integrated. The  face  is  battered,  a band  is  shown  over  the  forehead,  and 
the  eyes  are  quite  prominent.  The  front  and  back  edges  of  the  seat  are 
curved.  Prom  Cerro  de  Hojas. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


47 


Seat  (g|g),  crouching  human  figure.  The  upper  part  of  the  head  swells 
out,  hut  there  is  no  trace  of  a head-band.  The  ears  are  placed  on  the  side 
of  the  face,  the  nose  is  battered,  and  the  lower  part  of  the  chin  is  broken. 
The  whole  figure  is  much  disintegrated.  The  forearms  are  short,  the 
hands  apparently  closed  and  in  the  same  position  as  in  the  other  seats;  the 
back  of  the  figure  is  angular ; the  toes  are  not  represented.  The  broad 
loin-cloth  is  shown.  The  pedestal  is  massive,  and  the  seat  rests  on  a sup- 
port placed  on  the  back  of  the  figure ; the  arms  are  entirely  broken  off. 
The  dimensions  are  as  follows:  Extreme  height  of  seat,  18  inches  (45.7 
cm.) ; extreme  length  of  seat  from  front  to  back,  inside,  13  inches  (33  cm.) ; 
extreme  thickness  of  seat,  3 inches  (7.6  cm.) ; extreme  height  of  human 
figure,  10  inches  (25.4  cm.) ; extreme  height  of  pedestal,  3£  inches  (8.9 
cm.).  From  Cerro  de  Hojas. 

Fragment  of  seat  (g^i),  head  and  shoulders  of  crouching  animal  figure 
with  the  remains  of  the  front  base  of  the  seat  on  the  head.  This  face  is 
one  of  the  best  carved  of  any  of  the  animal  heads  in  the  Manabi  seats. 
The  eyes,  ears,  and  nose  are  prominent;  the  cheeks  in  this  case  are 
well  shown ; and  the  mouth  has  two  lines  of  teeth.  The  head  is  6 inches 
(15.2  cm.)  high.  From  Cerro  de  Hojas. 

In  the  custom-house  in  Manta  there  are  four  broken  seats  of  the 
ordinary  types;  and  in  the  same  town  there  are  said  to  be  two  or  three 
others  in  the  hands  of  private  individuals:  these  are  all  from  Cerro  de 
Hoj  as.  In  Monte  Cristi  are  many  broken  seats  from  the  same  hill,  and  a 
number  of  very  fine  perfect  examples.  The  largest  seat  known  belongs  to 
the  town  of  Monte  Cristi,  and  it  is  now  in  front  of  the  municipal  building. 
It  is  in  a very  good  state  of  preservation,  and  is  3 feet  (91.4  cm.)  in  height, 
and  2£  feet  (76.2  cm.)  broad  across  the  upper  and  outer  ends  of  the  arms. 
In  the  church  in  the  town  of  Picoaza  are  nine  seats,  eight  of  which  are 
perfect;  one  has  the  figure  of  a tiger,  and  the  others  are  human  figures. 
In  front  of  the  church  are  three  other  seats  more  or  less  imperfect.  In 
Papagallo  are  several  large,  massive,  splendidly  preserved  specimens  in 
private  hands.  There  is  one  interesting  seat,  which  has  been  alluded  to, 
in  Porto  Viejo.  It  is  in  front  of  the  police  station.  It  is  small,  with  a 
low,  broad,  expanding  seat,  and  on  the  front  is  a small,  standing  human 
figure  with  a loin-cloth;  the  head  is  missing.  It  is  the  only  one  of  this 
type  which  was  seen  in  Manabi.  There  are  many  more  or  less  imperfect 


48  Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

seats  kept  in  the  houses  in  Porto  Yiejo.  All  of  the  seats  in  the  villages 
of  Picoaza  and  Papagallo  and  in  the  city  of  Porto  Yiejo  have  been 
brought  from  the  summit  of  Cerro  Jaboncillo.34 

The  stone  seats  of  the  Ecuadorian  coast  are  not  unknown  in  the 
museums  of  America  and  Europe.  In  the  United  States  there  are  at 
least  seven  examples.  In  the  Yale  University  Museum,  New  Haven, 
there  is  one  specimen  of  the  human  figure  type,  made  of  andesite.  It  is 
18  inches  (45.7  cm.)  high,  21  inches  (53.3  cm.)  broad  across  the  top,  and 
the  pedestal  has  a breadth  of  12  inches  (30.5  cm.).  On  the  back  of  the 
figure  appears  a loin-cloth.  In  the  Eield  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
Chicago,  there  are  two  of  these  sculptures,  one  of  which  is  of  the  human 
figure  type,  while  the  other  has  an  entirely  plain,  quadrangular  support. 
In  Washington,  the  Smithsonian  Institution  has  one  specimen  of  the 
human  figure  type,  which  is  2 feet  4 inches  (71.1  cm.)  high.  In  the 
Pioneers  Museum,  San  Francisco,  there  were,  before  the  fire,  two  speci- 
mens, and  in  the  Natural  History  Societies  Museum  of  Santa  Barbara, 
California,  there  is  another  seat. 

In  the  museums  of  Europe,  fifteen  seats  are  known  to  the  writer. 
In  the  Musee  Royal  D’Antiquites  of  Brussels  are  two  seats  of  the  human 
figure  type,  which  have  been  figured  and  described  by  Bamps.35  In  the 
Royal  Ethnological  Museum  at  Dresden  there  is  a single  specimen  of  the 
human  figure  type,  which  has  been  figured  and  described  by  Dr.  Uhle.36 
In  the  Trocadero  Museum  in  Paris  are  two  very  fine  examples,  one  of  the 
animal  type  and  the  other  of  the  human  type.  These  have  been  figured 
and  described  by  Dr.  Hamy.37 

Professor  Holmes  lias  kindly  furnished  copies  of  his  notes  regarding 
stone  chairs  which  he  saw  in  various  museums  in  Europe.  In  the  British 
Museum  there  is  one  rather  small  specimen  of  the  animal  type.  In  the 
Stuttgart  Ethnographical  Museum  there  are  two  low  seats  of  the  animal 
type.  The  larger  is  24  inches  (61  cm.)  high,  has  an  extreme  breadth 
of  25  inches  (63.5  cm.)  across  the  top  of  the  arms,  and  is  16  inches  (40.6 
cm.)  wide  across  the  seat.  The  face  projects  more  than  usual,  while  the 
other  has  a fiat  face.  In  the  Ethnographical  Museum  in  Berlin  there  are 
five  of  the  animal  type.  The  two  largest  are  25  inches  (63.5  cm.)  high; 
the  smallest  is  15£  inches  (39.4  cm.)  in  height,  19  inches  (48.3  cm.)  broad 
across  the  top  of  the  arms,  and  10  inches  (25.4  cm.)  wide  across  the  seat. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


49 


In  the  Kunstgewerbe  Museum  in  Berlin  there  is  one  of  the  animal  type, 
of  medium  size,  with  low,  wide,  open  seat.  One  is  said  to  be  in  the 
Vienna  Museum,  and  another  in  the  Ethnological  Museum  of  Elorence. 
Doubtless  there  are  examples  of  the  stone  seats  in  a number  of  other 
museums  in  Europe,  as  well  as  in  private  hands  in  Germany,  as  we  were 
informed  in  Manabi  that  many  have  been  sent  out  of  the  country  by 
the  German  merchants  established  along  this  part  of  the  coast. 

HUMAN  EIGTJBES.  The  collection  of  stone  sculptures  includes 
a number  of  idols,  or  small  statues  of  human  figures,  of  several  types. 
Suarez  has  already  figured  two  sculptures  of  this  class,  which  he  describes 
as  follows : “ They  represent  two  men,  standing  above  a broad  base 

which  served  as  a pedestal ; the  extended  arms  are  not  separated  from 
the  body,  and  the  legs  are  almost  a part  of  the  column,  which  constitutes 
the  lower  part  of  the  body.  They  wear  as  a head-dress  a kind  of  high, 
almost  round,  nightcap,  and  a belt  which  appears  to  keep  down  the 
garment  to  the  waist : with  this  exception,  they  are  completely  naked,  with 
only  a loin-cloth  around  the  waist,  which  appears  to  be  very  marked.” 

The  present  collection  consists  of  eight  entirely  complete  figures  of 
males,  standing  erect  on  pedestals,  the  base  of  another  figure,  the  heads 
of  six  others,  two  small  sculptures  which  may  be  classed  by  themselves, 
and  two  seated  female  figures ; making,  of  complete  and  fragmentary 
human  figures,  a total  of  nineteen.  They  are  carved  from  the  same  stone 
as  the  seats,  some  being  of  andesite,  and  some  of  sandstone ; and  they  vary 
in  height  from  9^  inches  (23.5  cm.)  to  24§  inches  (62.9  cm.). 

Before  describing  these  sculptures  in  detail  we  may  remark  here, 
that  the  ancient  Spanish  historians  refer  to  the  fact  that,  when  the 
conquerors  of  Peru  arrived  in  the  province  of  Porto  Viejo,  they  found 
there  various  statues  of  stone  with  flowing  robes,  and  mitres  on  the  head, 
and  that  some  of  these  statues  were  of  gigantic  dimensions.  Xo  sculptures 
which  would  answer  the  descriptions  of  the  ancient  writers  in  regard  to 
size  are  known  in  the  province  of  Manabi ; and  this  collection  is  the 
only  one  yet  brought  together  from  this  region,  with  the  exception  of 
the  two  specimens  before  mentioned,  described  by  Suarez,  which  he  states 
are  in  private  hands  in  Manabi. 

Xo.  1,  Plate  XXVIII,  is  a human  figure  24§  inches  (62.9  cm.)  high. 


50 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 


It  is  made  of  very  much  weathered  andesite,  and  the  features  are  hardly 
discernible.  The  body  is  erect,  and  presents  almost  a straight  column 
in  front,  with  the  exception  of  a slight  protuberance  on  the  right  side, 
representing  the  knee,  and  on  the  back  of  the  figure,  representing  the 
buttocks.  Vertical  grooves  show  the  division  of  the  legs.  The  figure  is 
entirely  naked.  The  arms  are  represented  close  to  the  body,  the  hands 
placed  close  to  the  knees ; the  fingers  are  slightly  shown.  The  shoulders 
are  broad,  and  the  head  rests  almost  directly  upon  the  shoulders.  The  ears 
are  well  brought  out  on  each  side  of  the  head,  and  ear-ornaments  are 
shown.  Traces  are  seen  of  an  expanding  cap-like  covering  of  the  head 
over  the  forehead,  and  coming  down  on  either  side  of  the  face  in  front  of 
the  ears.  The  head  has  an  outward  expansion  towards  the  top,  upon  which 
rests  a ring  with  a depression  in  the  upper  surface.  The  sculpture  has  a 
thick  pedestal  upon  which  the  figure  stands.  The  feet  and  the  division 
of  the  toes  are  slightly  represented  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  base. 

The  following  is  a description  of  the  other  specimens  which  have 
these  cup-like  depressions  or  bowls  on  the  head. 

Vo.  2,  Plate  XXVIII,  is  a figure  22  inches  (55.9  cm.)  high,  made 
of  sandstone.  It  rests  on  a rectangular  pedestal  which  has  a height  of 
3 inches  (7.6  cm.).  The  knees  are  slightly  bent;  the  body  above  the  waist 
is  flattened;  the  legs  are  massive,  with  the  knees  represented;  the  arms 
form  a right  angle  with  the  shoulders,  and  are  close  to  the  body;  the 
hands  are  shown.  The  feet  are  broadened  at  the  sides  and  back  of  the 
ankle,  giving  somewhat  the  appearance  of  a sandal ; and  this  is  a feature 
of  Xo.  5,  Plate  XXVIII,  of  Vo.  3,  Plate  XXIX,  and  ^ which  is  not 
illustrated.  There  is  a band  around  the  body,  well  above  the  waist,  with 
two  strips  hanging  from  it  on  the  front  (coming  down  just  above  each 
knee),  and  two  strips  placed  close  together  on  the  back.  With  this 
exception,  the  body  is  entirely  naked.  The  face  is  small  and  badly  carved. 
The  ears  are  prominent,  and  are  worked  out  in  the  same  manner  as  are  the 
ears  of  the  animal  figures  in  the  stone  seats;  the  lower  part  of  each  ear 
is  covered  by  an  ear  bob  or  ornament.  The  head  has  an  outward  expan- 
sion, being  very  considerable  at  the  back.  On  the  top  of  the  head  is  a 
cupped  depression,  and  there  are  traces  of  a cap-like  covering  of  the  head 
over  the  forehead,  coming  down  on  either  side  of  the  face  in  front  of  the 
ears,  and  extending  around  the  back  of  the  head  just  above  the  neck. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


51 


No.  3,  Plate  XXVIII,  is  a human  figure  Ilf  inches  (36.5  cm.)  high, 
on  a pedestal  which  is  broken,  hut  shows  traces  of  an  enclosed  serrated 
design  on  the  front  border.  This  figure  is  standing  erect  with  the  arms 
placed  close  to  the  sides,  the  hands  resting  on  the  hips.  The  legs  are 
massive ; the  knees  are  perhaps  intended  to  be  represented  near  the  waist. 
A three-lined  girdle  is  shown  around  the  waist  with  a triangular-shaped 
apron  going  down  between  the  legs,  and  there  are  traces  of  a decorated 
band  around  the  neck.  The  face  has  been  rather  well  carved,  with  an 
aquiline  nose;  the  ears  are  shown,  but  without  ornaments.  There  are 
traces  of  a cap-like  covering  of  the  head  over  the  forehead,  coming  down 
on  either  side  of  the  face  in  front  of  the  ears.  The  head  has  an  outward 
expansion  towards  the  top,  this  expansion  being  greater  at  the  back 
than  at  the  forehead ; the  top  of  the  head,  which  is  flat,  has  a deep  conical 
depression. 

Xo.  4,  Plate  XXVIII,  is  the  head  of  a standing  figure.  It  is  6£ 
inches  (16.5  cm.)  high.  The  features  are  very  similar  to  those  on  the  stone 
seat  in  Xo.  4,  Plate  XIII.  The  eyes  and  mouth  are  small,  and  out  of 
proportion  to  the  nose,  which  is  large,  aquiline,  and  perfectly  preserved; 
the  ears  are  not  carved  flat  on  the  side  of  the  head,  as  in  the  majority  of 
the  stone  figures,  but  project  outward,  as  in  life;  the  forehead  is  covered 
by  a band  which  ends  in  front  of  the  upper  part  of  the  ears;  the  head  has 
an  outward  expansion,  more  pronounced  at  the  back  than  at  the  front,  and 
is  flat  at  the  top,  with  a cup-shaped  depression. 

Xo.  5,  Plate  XXVIII,  is  a figure,  resting  on  a massive  pedestal,  in 
character  somewhat  similar  to  that  of  Xos.  2 and  3 of  Plate  XXVIII. 
The  height  of  the  figure  is  19f  inches  (50.2  cm.),  and  the  height  of  the 
pedestal,  3£  inches  (7.9  cm.).  The  figure  is  erect;  the  arms  extend  down 
along  the  side  of  the  body;  the  hands,  placed  on  the  hips,  are  large,  and 
give  somewhat  the  appearance  of  being  covered  with  thick  gloves,  but 
really  the  wrist  is  represented  by  the  expansion ; the  legs  are  short  and 
massive ; the  upper  part  of  the  body  is  fiat  in  front  and  back.  A double- 
banded  girdle  is  around  the  waist,  with  a loin-cloth  shown  at  the  front  and 
back  of  the  figure  between  the  legs.  The  head  rests  upon  the  broad 
shoulders,  the  right  shoulder  being  much  lower  than  the  left.  The  face 
has  been  battered  and  cut  by  the  natives  who  discovered  the  figure,  so 
that  little  can  be  said  of  the  features,  which  in  a general  way  may  be 


52  Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

described  as  being  crudely  represented.  The  nose  is  broad  and  flat;  the 
eyes  are  prominent;  the  ears  are  large,  and  show  no  traces  of  ear-orna- 
ments; the  head  has  an  outward  expansion  towards  the  top,  which  is  flat 
and  has  no  depression.  The  head-covering  is  shown  over  the  forehead, 
coming  down  over  the  sides  of  the  face,  extending  upwards  over  the 
ears  and  around  the  back  of  the  head,  slightly  below  the  top  of  the  ears. 

The  lower  part  of  a figure  resting  on  a thick,  massive  pedestal  (-^), 
not  illustrated  here,  is  similar  to  No.  5,  Plate  XXVIII.  It  is  possible 
that  a head  in  the  collection  (-^),  not  illustrated,  belongs  to  this  figure; 
but  the  upper  part  of  the  body  is  missing. 

Xo.  1,  Plate  XXIX,  is  a curious  sculpture  10  inches  (25.4  cm.)  high, 
a portion  of  the  lower  part  being  missing.  It  is  really  a stone  cylinder 
with  a human  head  carved  on  one  side  near  the  top.  There  is  a band  over 
the  forehead ; the  nose  is  aquiline ; the  eyes  and  mouth  are  almost  entirely 
obliterated;  on  either  side  of  the  face  are  ear-ornaments  in  place  of  the 
ears ; the  arms  are  in  relief,  bent  at  the  elbows  with  the  closed  fists  nearly 
touching  each  other  over  the  abdomen ; the  legs  are  short,  and  the  knees 
are  apparently  under  the  closed  fists ; the  feet  are  broken  off.  The  whole 
sculpture  is  intended  to  represent  a seated  human  figure. 

Xo.  2,  Plate  XXIX,  is  one  of  the  most  singular  sculptures  from 
Manabi.  It  is  20|  inches  (52.7  cm.)  high.  It  represents  a human  figure 
standing  on  a small,  thin  pedestal.  The  body  is  almost  a square  column, 
no  parts  of  it  being  represented,  with  the  exception  of  arms  bent  at  the 
elbow;  hands,  coming  to  the  front  of  the  column,  carved  in  relief  on 
either  side ; a depression  in  front  to  show  the  legs ; and  a slight  protuber- 
ance for  the  knees.  With  these  exceptions,  the  body  is  entirely  plain. 
The  head,  which  is  massive,  rests  upon  the  top  of  the  column ; the  chin  is 
broken ; the  nose  is  large  and  prominent ; the  eyes  are  small ; the  ears  are 
large  and  conventionalized,  and  show  ornaments  in  the  lower  lobe;  the 
whole  head  generally  is  cylindrical  with  an  expansion  towards  the  top,  and 
slight  traces  are  shown  of  a cap-like  covering  over  the  forehead,  coming 
down  to  the  top  of  the  ears  in  front.  The  top  of  this  cylindrical  column 
forming  the  head  was  expanded  into  a bowl  or  plate,  of  which  the  sides 
and  rim  are  entirely  broken  off. 

Xos.  3,  4,  and  5,  Plate  XXIX,  are  of  the  same  general  type.  Xo.  3 
rests  on  a truncated,  conical  pedestal.  The  figure  is  14£  inches  (36.8  cm.) 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


53 


high;  the  pedestal  is  3 inches  (7.6  cm.)  thick;  and  the  diameter  of  the 
bowl,  inside  measurement,  is  S£  inches  (21.6  cm.).  The  figure  is  practically 
complete,  with  the  exception  of  the  edge  of  the  bowl  on  the  head.  It 
stands  erect  with  the  hands  placed  on  the  hips,  the  arms  being  separated 
from  the  body  below  the  shoulders.  The  fingers  are  not  brought  out ; the 
toes  are  not  shown ; and  the  feet  have  the  peculiarity  before  mentioned  in 
connection  with  Nos.  2 and  5 of  Plate  XX VIII.  The  face  projects  well 
in  front  of  the  body;  it  has  a pointed  chin,  pronounced  cheek-bones,  and 
the  nose,  unfortunately,  is  almost  entirely  broken  off.  The  ears  in  this 
figure  show  extreme  conventionalization,  the  lower  semicircular  part 
probably  representing  ear-ornaments.  The  figure  is  entirely  naked.  The 
plate  on  the  top  of  the  head  is  broad,  and  the  rim  is  missing.  This  is 
one  of  the  most  interesting  figures  from  Manabi. 

No.  4,  Plate  XXIX,  is  the  head  and  upper  part  of  the  body,  minus 
the  left  shoulder,  of  a very  well  carved  figure.  The  figure  is  9 inches 
(22.9  cm.)  high,  and  the  bowl  has  a diameter  of  7§-  inches  (20  cm.).  The 
nose  and  mouth  are  battered,  but  the  eyes  are  still  to  be  seen ; the  right 
shoulder  is  well  carved,  and  shows  the  arm  separated  from  the  body;  the 
ears  are  of  the  conventionalized  type  just  referred  to,  and  nearly  all  of 
the  bowl  or  plate  which  was  placed  on  the  head  is  present,  with  the 
exception  of  the  edge  above  the  forehead  and  a piece  broken  off  near 
the  back  of  the  head.  There  is  a cap-like  covering  on  the  head,  and 
traces  of  the  same  are  seen  on  the  back  just  above  the  neck.  This  plate 
is  interesting,  as  it  gives  us  the  approximate  type  of  the  bowl  on  the 
nearly  complete  figure  just  described. 

No.  5,  Plate  XXIX,  is  a very  much  defaced  head  and  shoulders  of 
a human  figure.  It  is  7£  inches  (19  cm.)  high.  The  features  are  much 
battered.  The  arms  are  missing;  the  plate  or  bowl  which  was  once 
represented  on  the  head  is  almost  entirely  gone ; the  cap-like  covering  of 
the  head  is  shown ; and  the  ears  are  carved  in  the  peculiar  conventional 
manner  which  is  a feature  of  the  other  two  of  this  class. 

No.  1,  Plate  XXX,  is  an  erect  human  figure  standing  on  a thick 
pedestal.  The  treatment  of  the  body  is  quite  similar  to  that  of  No.  5, 
Plate  XXXMII,  with  the  exception  that  the  chest  and  back  are  not  flat. 
The  loin-cloth  in  front  is  identical,  but  is  not  shown  extending  around  the 
back  of  the  figure.  The  divisions  of  the  fingers  and  toes  are  not  indicated. 


54  Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

The  head  is  large,  the  top  is  flat,  and  there  is  but  little  indication  of  an 
outward  expansion.  Around  the  outer  part  of  the  top  of  the  head,  the 
surface  of  the  stone  is  roughly  pecked,  in  contradistinction  to  the  rest 
of  the  figure,  which  is  quite  smooth ; this  may  be  evidence  of  the  former 
existence  of  a bowl  or  plate  on  top  of  the  head,  the  edges  of  which  were 
broken,  and  the  rough  surface  smoothed  off  by  pecking.  The  back  of  the 
neck  is  deeply  pecked,  forming  at  the  upper  part  an  arch-like  rim 
suggesting  the  back  of  a head-covering;  the  nose  is  broken;  the  chin  is 
pointed;  the  cheek-bones  are  prominent;  the  eyes  and  mouth  are  barely 
distinguishable;  and  the  ears  are  rudely  carved  on  the  side  of  the  head, 
without  any  division  of  the  lobes.  The  figure  is  17  inches  (43.2  cm.)  high, 
and  the  height  of  the  pedestal  is  2£  inches  (6.3  cm.). 

Nos.  2 and  3,  Plate  XXX,  are  front  and  side  views  of  a human 
figure  standing  erect  on  a pedestal  now  partly  broken.  The  figure  is  15| 
inches  (40  cm.)  high.  The  arms  are  close  to  the  sides,  the  left  shoulder 
being  higher  than  the  right;  the  hands  are  short  and  broad,  and,  as  in 
Xos.  3 and  4 of  Plate  XXVIII  and  Xo.  1 of  Plate  XXX,  no  elbows  are 
indicated.  Six  fingers  are  shown  on  each  hand,  but  the  feet  are  so 
battered  that  it  is  impossible  to  determine  whether  there  was  any  division 
of  the  toes.  The  figure  is  entirely  nude.  The  head,  the  top  of  which  is 
flat,  is  large ; the  chin  is  raised ; there  are  slight  traces  over  the  forehead 
of  a cap  or  head-band ; the  eyes  and  mouth  are  obliterated ; the  ears  are 
represented  at  right  angles  with  the  side  of  the  head ; and  the  nose,  which 
is  the  most  prominent  feature  of  the  face,  is  large,  aquiline,  and  in  a 
perfect  state  of  preservation,  having  the  septum  pierced  as  if  to  hold  an 
ornament.  While  in  a general  way  the  figure  somewhat  resembles  Xo.  1, 
Plate  XXX,  the  treatment  is  generally  different  from  the  others  here- 
tofore described. 

A head  of  the  collection  (Ai)  is  not  illustrated.  It  is  9 inches 
(22.9  cm.)  high,  and  broken  off  from  a figure.  The  upper  part  is  quite 
circular  with  a rounded  surface.  The  face  is  considerably  battered,  the 
features  being  hardly  distinguishable ; but  the  lines  of  the  face  generally 
are  similar  to  those  of  Xo.  1,  Plate  XXX.  The  ears  apparently  have  been 
carved  in  the  manner  of  those  in  Xos.  3,  4,  and  5 of  Plate  XXIX.  A 
line  is  shown  over  the  forehead,  probably  indicating  a head-band. 

A small  head  not  illustrated  (-^)  is  4£  inches  (11.4  cm.)  high.  It 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador  55 

is  possibly  part  of  a figure ; but  there  is  now  a cupped  depression  in  the 
neck,  which  possibly  was  carved  after  the  head  was  broken  off.  The  nose 
and  chin  are  battered ; hut  the  forehead  is  well  brought  out,  and  is  more 
prominent  than  in  any  other  of  the  stone  heads  from  Manabi.  The  ears 
are  of  the  same  type  as  in  group  Nos.  3,  4,  and  5 of  Plate  XXIX.  The 
whole  head  is  covered  by  a cap,  the  line  of  which  is  clearly  indicated  over 
the  forehead,  down  around  each  side  of  the  face,  in  front  of  the  ears, 
and  around  the  lower  part  of  the  back  of  the  head.  The  carving  resembles 
quite  closely  some  of  the  similar  clay  heads  and  parts  of  human  figures 
from  the  same  region. 

A fragment  of  a stone  head  not  illustrated  (Ab)  *s  ^2  inches  (8.9 
cm.)  high.  It  is  probably  part  of  a human  figure.  The  upper  part  of  the 
head  at  the  forehead  is  missing,  and  only  a very  small  part  of  the  neck 
is  shown  below  the  chin ; the  nose  is  large  and  aquiline ; the  eyes  are  well 
brought  out;  the  cheek-bones  are  prominent;  and  the  mouth  is  shown  to  be 
somewhat  prognathic.  Traces  of  a head-band  are  shown  on  the  lower 
part  of  each  side  of  the  forehead.  In  its  approach  to  a genuine  portrait 
of  the  ancient  people,  the  workmanship  in  this  specimen  is  superior  to 
that  of  any  other  of  the  stone  heads. 

Xo.  4,  Plate  XXX,  and  Pig.  2,  are  the  only  two  sculptures  of  women 
in  this  collection.  Xo.  4 is  an  extraordinary  sculpture  144  inches 
(36.8  cm.)  high,  and  having  an  extreme  width  at  the  base  of  12£  inches 
(31.8  cm.).  It  represents  a seated  woman  entirely  nude.  The  back  is 
without  any  carving.  The  base  is  broad.  The  arrangement  of  the  arms 
and  legs  is  very  peculiar,  the  feet  being  represented  close  to  the  hips,  and 
the  hands  bent  around  and  placed  over  the  back  of  the  shoulders.  Each 
thumb  is  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  fingers,  which  apparently  are 
represented  as  closed,  the  thumb  being  curved  around  over  the  shoulder. 
The  upper  part  of  the  face  is  missing.  The  mouth  is  represented  by  a 
deep  cut.  There  are  three  lines  curving  down  on  either  side  of  the  face 
from  the  nose  to  the  edge  of  the  chin,  and  curved  lines  are  represented  in 
front  of  what  are  apparently  the  ears.  The  base  of  the  figure  is  also 
carved.  The  illustration  shows  the  peculiar  features  of  this  sculpture 
better  than  any  description. 

Pig.  2 is  a very  crude  attempt  at  the  representation  of  a woman.  It 
is  94  inches  (23.5  cm.)  high.  The  head  is  thrown  back;  the  face  is  flat; 


56 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 


the  eyes  are  much  disintegrated ; the  mouth  is  shown  with  double  rows  of 
teeth ; and  the  neck  is  represented  by  a deep  groove  going  entirely  around 
the  sculpture.  On  top  of  the  head 
are  two  parallel  lines  running 
from  the  forehead  to  the  back. 

The  arms  and  hands  are  crude. 

ANIMAL  FIGURES.  On 
Plate  XXXI  is  a large,  rudely 
carved  animal  figure  29£  inches 
(75  cm.)  high.  It  is  probably  a 
puma  resting  on  its  haunches. 

The  fore  paws  project  from  the 
body  above  the  knees ; the  head  is 
thrown  slightly  back.  Although 
the  stone  is  quite  disintegrated, 
the  lines  of  the  face  are  well 
preserved  at  the  present  time. 

This  is  the  largest  sculpture,  with 
the  exception  of  the  seats,  which 
has  been  found  in  the  province, 
according  to  the  statements  made 
by  the  people  of  Monte  Cristi, 
who  were  astonished  when  this 
large  carving  was  brought  into 
the  town  by  some  of  the  natives, 
who  found  it  in  the  Oerro  de 
Hojas. 

Xos.  1 and  2 of  Plate  XXXII 
represent  the  front  and  side  of 
one  of  the  most  interesting  pieces 
from  this  region.  It  is  an  animal 
7 inches  (17.8  cm.)  high,  probably  a puma  (recalling  the  animal  figures  of 
the  seats),  resting  on  an  oval  pedestal.  The  head  is  raised  higher  than  the 
body;  the  tail  is  curled  around  the  right  hind  leg;  the  fore  feet  are  in  front 
of  the  body ; and  serrated  teeth  are  shown  in  the  large,  prominent  mouth. 


Fig.  2. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


57 


Fig.  3 is  a small  carving  of  sandstone,  probably  representing  a lizard. 
It  is  4|  inches  (12.3  cm.)  long. 


COLUMN  ON  ANIMAL’S  BACK.  We  now  come  to  another  class 
of  sculptures.  Suarez  has  given  a very  poor  illustration  of  two  examples 
of  this  type,  which  he  describes  as  having  the  form  of  a quadrangular 
truncated  pyramid  without  any  adornment  on  the  sides,  but  with  figures 
in  relief,  representing  animals  or  human  bodies,  near  the  base.  In  the 
collection  brought  together  there  are  no  examples  of  these  more  conven- 
tional forms  of  this  class ; but  Nos.  3 and  4 of  Plate  XXXII  are  the  front 
and  side  of  a sculpture  worthy  of  careful  examination,  and  of  consideration 
in  connection  with  the  problem  of  the  stone  seats.  It  may  be  divided  into 
three  parts.  The  lower  section  is  a crouching  quadruped,  probably  a puma. 
The  dimensions  are:  Extreme  height  of  sculpture,  17£  inches  (43.5  cm.); 
height  of  animal  figure,  7 inches  (17.8  cm.);  average  height  of  column  on 
back  of  figure,  7f  inches  (19.3  cm.) ; height  of  bowl  on  top  of  column, 
7|  inches  (19.7  cm.);  height  of  pedestal,  1£  inches  (3.8  cm.).  The  head  is 
out  of  proportion  to  the  body,  and  raised  at  an  angle  over  the  shoulders; 
the  back  of  the  figure  is  plain,  and  does  not  show  the  separation  of  the  legs ; 
on  each  side,  the  body  and  hind  legs  are  conventionally  shown.  This 
figure  resembles  Nos.  1 and  2 of  Plate  XXXII;  and  the  head  resembles 


58  Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

that  of  the  large  sculpture  on  Plate  XXXI,  and  also,  in  a general  way,  the 
animal  figures  in  one  of  the  groups  of  stone  seats.  Resting  on  the  hack  of 
this  figure  is  a short  column,  flattened  on  the  sides  an  inch  away  from  the 
back  of  the  head ; and  there  is  a slight  rounded  ridge  connecting  the  same. 
This  forms  a support  for  a bowl  or  receptacle,  which  is  not,  however, 
placed  directly  over  the  centre  of  the  column,  hut  forward,  towards  the 
head  of  the  figure.  The  upper  part  of  the  receptacle  has  a rim,  and  the 
interior  shows  a blackened,  burned  surface.  This  is  unquestionably  an 
incense-burner,  undoubtedly  associated  in  some  way  with  the  ceremonial 
use  of  the  stone  seats.  Several  other  sculptures  of  this  class  were  seen  in 
Manabi,  but  all  too  much  broken  to  be  of  any  use  in  the  collection. 

Xos.  5 and  6,  Plate  XXXII,  of  the  same  class,  represent  a massive 
quadrangular  block  with  an  animal  head  carved  on  the  top,  near  the  front. 
Its  dimensions  are : Extreme  height  of  pedestal,  6 inches  (15.2  cm.) ; height 
of  head,  4§  inches  (12.3  cm.);  height  of  column,  4§  inches  (11.7  cm.). 
The  sides  and  front  of  this  block  are  conventionally  carved  to  represent 
the  legs ; the  back  of  the  block  is  rough  and  plain.  Back  of  the  head, 
and  joined  to  it,  is  a broken  column.  The  upper  part  of  the  probable 
receptacle  is  missing. 

Xos.  7 and  8,  Plate  XXXII,  of  the  same  group,  represent  a very 
much  disintegrated,  massive  quadrangular  block.  The  average  height  of 
the  pedestal  is  4|  inches  (10.8  cm.) ; height  of  animal  figure,  3^  inches 
(8.3  cm.).  On  the  sides,  the  body  and  legs  are  shown,  and  also  on  the 
front ; but  the  back  is  plain.  The  head  is  on  the  upper  part,  near  the 
front  edge,  and  back  of  it  is  attached  a ball-like  body,  which,  however, 
cannot  be  the  body  of  the  animal,  but  rests  on  its  back.  In  this  sculpture 
the  top  of  the  head  has  a cup-like  depression,  which  probably  takes  the 
place  of  the  bowl  which  is  on  the  top  of  the  column  of  Xo.  3,  Plate 
XXXII.  It  is  possible,  however,  that  this  ball-like  body  is  the  base  of 
a column,  which,  after  it  was  accidentally  broken  off,  was  rudely  carved 
in  this  shape,  and,  in  order  that  the  stone  might  be  used  for  ceremonial 
purposes,  the  cupped  depression  was  cut  out  on  the  top  of  the  head  to 
serve  for  an  incense-burner. 

AXIMAL  OX  OOLUMX.  Xos.  1 and  2,  Plate  XXXIII,  represent 
a sculpture  which  may  be  divided  into  three  parts.  The  base  is  a mas- 


Seville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


59 


sive,  concaved  cylinder  upon  which  rests  a crouching  figure  too  much 
disintegrated  for  one  to  state  with  certainty  whether  it  is  human  or 
animal.  The  probabilities  are,  that  it  is  animal  on  account  of  the 
presence  on  the  back  of  two  grooves,  between  which  is  a raised  ridge, 
probably  the  tail.  The  head  is  like  the  puma  heads  of  the  seats.  On  the 
back  of  the  figure  are  the  remains  of  a smaller  cylindrical  column  broken 
off  quite  close  to  the  base.  Probably  the  missing  part  of  the  column  was 
surmounted  by  a vessel  to  serve  the  purpose  of  an  incense-burner,  although 
there  is  again  the  possibility  that  simply  the  base  of  a column  was 
represented  on  the  back  of  this  figure,  and  that  an  incense-burner  or 
ceremonial  vessel  of  clay  was  placed  directly  on  this  upper  surface. 
Height  of  entire  sculpture,  18  inches  (45.7  cm.)  ; height  of  animal  figure, 
5§  inches  (13.7  cm.)  ; height  of  pedestal,  8J  inches  (21.6  cm.)  ; height  of 
column  on  back  of  animal,  If  inches  (4.4  cm.).  From  Cerro  de  Hojas. 
The  sculpture  just  described  seems  to  be  transitional  between  the  group 
of  sculptures  illustrated  on  Plate  XXXII  and  the  next  group,  which  is  of 
columns. 

COLUMXS.  Xos.  3 and  4 of  Plate  XXXII  are  the  only  two  deco- 
rated columns,  out  of  several  hundred,  which  were  seen  in  Manabi.  Xo.  3 
is  an  hourglass-shaped  column  with  a simple  capital  on  the  top ; below,  on 
one  face  of  the  cylinder,  is  a design  which  is  given  in  Fig.  4.  It  reminds 
us  strongly  of  the  conventional  face  of  the  animal  on  the  bas-reliefs 
shown  on  Plates  XXXVIII  and  XXXIX,  which  will  be  described  later 
on.  It  is  an  inverted  U,  from  the  inside  of  w-hich  projects  downward 
a band  terminating  in  a sphere.  This  outer,  U-shaped  band  probably 
represents  the  outer  part  of  the  head,  while  the  other  part  of  the  design  is 
the  nose ; the  eyes  not  being  represented.  In  Fig.  5 is  a carved  column 
from  the  Xicoya  peninsula,  Costa  Rica.  It  is  one  of  a number  which 

have  been  found  there,  and  is  of  very  great  interest  in  connection  with  the 
columns  of  Manabi.  To  our  knowledge  these  Costa  Rican  columns  are 
the  nearest  approach  to  the  Manabi  specimens  of  any  yet  found  in  ancient 
America.  Plain  cylindrical  columns  have  been  found  in  the  Mayan  ruins 
of  Honduras  and  Yucatan.  They  have  also  been  found  in  Vera  Cruz  and 
Chiapas,  but  none  of  the  carved  type  are  known  to  the  writer.  When 
we  consider  the  comparatively  short  distance  between  Xicoya  and  Manabi, 


60 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

the  significance  of  these  somewhat  analogous  columns  becomes  apparent. 
The  dimensions  are  as  follows  : Height  of  column,  16|  inches  (42.5  cm.) ; 
diameter  of  the  top,  8|  inches  (22.2  cm.) ; diameter  of  the  base,  8 inches 
(20.3  cm.).  From  Cerro  de  Hojas. 

No.  4,  Plate  XXXIII,  is  a square 
column,  the  diameter  of  the  base  being 
slightly  smaller  than  that  of  the  upper 
part.  From  the  base  upward,  the  di- 
ameter decreases  towards  the  top,  which 
is  surrounded  by  a plain,  square  capital, 


Fig.  4.  Fig.  5. 

corresponding,  in  a way,  to  the  upper  part  of  the  columns  just  described, 
with  the  exception  that  there  are  two  hands,  instead  of  three,  below  the 
upper  section.  The  dimensions  are  as  follows : Height  of  column,  17  inches 
(43.2  cm.) ; diameter  at  the  base,  6 inches  (15.2  cm.) ; diameter  at  the  top, 
7 inches  (17.8  cm.).  From  Cerro  de  Hojas. 

Xos.  1,  2,  3,  and  4 of  Plate  XXXIY,  are  cylindrical  columns  with 
sides  somewhat  resembling  an  hourglass,  varying  in  height  from  22  £ 
inches  (56.2  cm.)  to  13J  inches  (33.3  cm.),  and  having  an  average  diameter 
of  7\  inches  (19  cm.).  There  are  hundreds  of  these  columns  to  be  found 
scattered  throughout  the  ruins  on  the  Cerro  de  Hojas  and  Cerro 
Jaboncillo. 

No.  5,  Plate  XXXIY,  is  a short  cylindrical  column.  The  dimensions 
are:  Height,  7§  inches  (18.7  cm.);  diameter  at  the  base,  7 inches  (17.8  cm.); 
diameter  at  the  top,  5|  inches  (14.6  cm.).  The  diameter  at  the  base  is 
slightly  larger  than  at  the  top.  A careful  search  was  made  in  the  ruins 


Saville : Antiquities  of  Manabi , Ecuador 


61 


to  see  if  these  columns  were  for  architectural  purposes,  and  used  in  con- 
nection with  the  walls  of  the  houses.  Erom  a careful  examination  of  the 
ruins  as  they  are  seen  to-day,  we  may  affirm  with  certainty  that  they 
were  never  used  as  parts  of  the  buildings:  possibly,  excavations  may 
reveal  their  exact  use.  We  may,  however,  surmise,  bearing  in  mind  the 
crouching  animal  on  the  concaved  column  (Nos.  1 and  2,  Plate  XXXIII), 
that  they  were  used  as  supports  for  the  statues  or  idols  and  animal 
figures ; or  they  may  have  served  as  pedestals  for  pottery  incense-burners. 
In  the  Cerro  de  Hojas  and  other  hills,  excavations  will  undoubtedly  throw 
much  light  on  the  use  of  these  sculptures  and  columns. 

QUADRANGULAR  SCULPTURES.  In  the  church  at  Picoaza  is 
an  interesting  sculpture  which  has  been  described  and  figured  by  Suarez. 
His  illustrations  do  not  adequately  show  the  carvings  on  the  four  sides 
of  this  interesting  stone,  which  is  now  in  the  church  of  Picoaza,  serving  as 
a fountain  for  holy  water.  It  is  a quadrangular  block  with  a rectangular 
basin  on  the  top.  It  is  about  22|  inches  (56.5  cm.)  high,  13  inches  (33  cm.) 
wide  at  the  top,  and  13£  inches  (35.2  cm.)  wide  at  the  base.  It  weighs 
about  two  hundred  pounds.  This  stone  was  found  in  Cerro  de  Hojas,  and 
is  one  of  several  sculptures  of  this  class  which  have  been  found  in  the 
hills.  It  is  carved  in  relief  on  all  four  sides.  On  one  side  is  a standing, 
nude  human  figure  with  a long  nose,  and  arms  outspread,  bent  at  the 
elbows.  At  the  back  of  the  human  figure,  near  the  base,  is  a small  animal 
resembling  a dog ; in  front  is  a conventionalized  animal.  Around  the  rim 
at  the  top  is  a decorated  band  which  does  not  go  entirely  around  the  stone, 
but  reappears  on  the  opposite  face  of  the  stone,  upon  which,  below,  is 
another  erect  nude  figure  with  the  same  long  nose.  On  the  third  side 
is  an  iguana;  and  on  the  fourth,  a seated  human  figure,  entirely  nude, 
which  resembles,  in  a way,  the  figures  on  the  bas-reliefs  which  will 
now  be  described. 

BAS-RELIEFS.  The  last  group  of  stone  carvings,  which  are 
perhaps  more  interesting  than  even  the  stone  seats,  are  fragments  of  bas- 
reliefs,  of  which  a number  have  been  brought  together  in  this  collection. 
They  are  all  from  Cerro  Jaboncillo.  We  know  of  but  one  example  of 
the  Manabi  bas-reliefs  which  has  been  described  at  the  present  time: 


62  Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

this  is  now  in  the  Museum  of  the  Trocadero  in  Paris.38  The  illustration 
given  by  Hainy  shows  that  the  sculpture  is  probably  complete  (see  Pig.  6). 
In  this  collection  we  have  five  portions  of  somewhat  similar  bas-reliefs, 
hut  there  is  in  each  considerable  variation  in  the  style  of  carving  and  in 


the  designs  which  are  placed  on  the  upper  part  enframing  the  head.  They 
are  broader  at  the  top  than  at  the  base. 

Xo.  1,  Plate  XXX Y,  is  a fragment  of  the  largest  bas-relief  secured 
in  Manabi.  It  is  214  inches  (54.6  cm.)  wide,  and  has  an  average  thickness 
of  2£  inches  (6.3  cm.).  It  was  found,  with  the  reverse  used  as  a grinding- 
stone,  in  a house  in  Picoaza.  The  native  who  owned  it  found  it  in  the 
Cerro  Jaboncillo  while  hunting  for  metates.  It  was  complete  and  perfect 
when  he  excavated  it,  and,  on  account  of  its  size,  he  broke  it,  and  selected 
a piece  a little  larger  than  a metate,  which  he  could  use  for  that  purpose. 
He  stated  that  the  other  pieces  were  still  in  the  mountain,  and  that  he 
could  find  them ; but,  as  we  had  but  two  days  to  remain  in  Manabi  before 
continuing  our  journey  from  Guayaquil  to  the  interior,  we  were  not  able 
to  obtain  the  other  pieces.  Probably  in  the  future  it  will  be  possible  to 
secure  and  bring  together  the  remaining  parts  of  this  most  interesting 
sculpture.  On  the  upper  part  of  the  slab  is  carved  a series  of  geometric 
figures  in  which  the  head  is  enframed : there  is  one  motif  (Pig.  7)  which 


63 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 

is  repeated  six  times  witli  practically  no  variation.  On  the  sides  around 
these  designs  are  three  lines ; the  central  line,  below  the  geometric  pat- 
terns and  above  the  human  head,  is  replaced  by  dots,  as  in  the  Trocadero 
specimen.  The  figure  shows  a hood-like  covering  of  the  head.  The  nose 


is  prominent  and  aquiline ; a four-strand  necklace  is  around  the  neck ; the 
body  is  flat  and  angular,  forming  a straight  line  from  shoulder  to  shoulder, 
and  a line  on  the  right  side  of  the  body  at  right  angles  with  the  shoulder. 
The  arms  are  angular  and  bent,  and  the  right  hand  shows  the  fingers 
clinched,  holding  some  object  which  cannot  be  determined  from  the  frag- 
ment which  remains;  but  it  is  probably  a bag  or  pouch  similar  to  that  seen 
in  the  Trocadero  specimen.  The  design  or  motif  in  the  enframing  band  is 
found  with  but  little  variation  in  No.  2 of  the  same  plate.  The  upper  part 
recalls  the  seat  part  of  the  stone  seats,  resting  on  a terraced  support ; and 
in  No.  1 practically  the  same  design  is  found,  having  on  either  side  single 
angular  designs,  perhaps  representing  the  same  thing  (seat).  Between  the 
spreading  “ arms  ” in  each  bas-relief  are  two  dots  or  eyes,  and  this  feature 
strongly  suggests  a conventionalized  face  such  as  is  seen  in  the  copper 
discs  and  on  bas-reliefs  on  Plates  XXXVIII  and  XXXIX.  The  lower 
part  of  the  bas-relief,  including  the  left  arm,  is  missing. 

No.  2,  Plate  XXXV,  as  before  noted,  is  a bas-relief  of  almost  the 
same  type  as  No.  1.  It  is  19  inches  (48.3  cm.)  wide,  and  2£  inches  (6.3  cm.) 
thick.  The  carving  is  not  as  well  executed,  and  the  lines  are  not  as  sharp, 


64  Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

as  in  tlie  other  slab.  Practically  the  same  motif  (Pig.  8)  is  seen  repeated 
six  times  above  the  figure,  with  the  exception  that,  whereas  in  No.  1 the 
lower  motif  on  each  side  of  the  head  is  placed  on  its  side,  in  No.  2 all  of 
the  motifs  are  vertically  arranged.  The  treatment  of  the  human  figure  is 
not  as  angular  as  in  the  other  specimen ; the  lines  of  the  shoulders,  elbows, 
and  hands,  being  rounded.  Practically  the  same  part  of  the  bas-relief  is 
missing  as  in  the  other  specimen.  Below  and  slightly  in  front  of  the  right 
arm,  which  is  partially  opened  with  the  clinched  hand  under  the  line 
which  runs  above  the  figure,  is  an  animal,  apparently  a monkey,  as  the 
tail  is  coiled  on  the  back,  almost  touching  the  elbow  of  the  human  figure. 
The  features  of  the  face  appear  somewhat  different  from  the  face  in  No.  1. 
It  is  impossible  to  state  with  certainty  whether  these  are  standing  figures, 
or  whether  they  are  seated,  as  in  the  other  two  sculptures  about  to  be 
described.  If  these  fragments  of  bas-reliefs  are  of  the  same  type  as  the 
Trocadero  specimen,  as  they  appear  to  be,  they  are  probably  standing 
figures.  Notwithstanding  the  assumption  of  Hamy,  that  the  figure  repre- 
sented in  the  Trocadero  bas-relief  is  a male,  we  should  be  more  inclined 
to  consider  it  a female,  judging  from  the  fragments  in  this  collection. 
There  are  two  horizontal  lines  cut  on  the  abdomen  of  the  Paris  specimen, 
which  appear  in  Nos.  1 and  2 of  Plate  XXXYI,  which  are  female  figures. 
These  lines  are  not  seen  in  the  statues  which  have  already  been  described, 
and  their  presence  appears  to  be  a good  indication  that,  in  all  of  these  bas- 
reliefs  where  the  human  figure  is  represented,  it  is  that  of  a female:  on  the 
other  hand,  we  must  admit  that,  in  the  three  analogous  reliefs,  the  hanging 
breast  is  not  seen,  as  found  on  No.  2,  Plate  XXXVI,  and  the  seated  human 
figure  No.  4,  Plate  XXX.  We  must  also  consider  the  garment  (which  is 
called  a girdle  by  Hamy)  which  surrounds  the  waist  and  hangs  down 
between  the  legs  in  the  Trocadero  relief.  The  two  female  bas-reliefs  and 
the  female  figure  do  not  show  any  traces  of  garments,  the  figures  being 
absolutely  nude : this  point  argues  in  favor  of  the  assumption  of  Hamy, 
that  the  figure  is  a male.  Until  we  get  more  material  of  this  class  from 
Manabi,  it  will  be  unsafe  to  try  to  reach  exact  conclusions  concerning  the 
sex  of  the  three  analogous  bas-reliefs. 

No.  1,  Plate  XXXVI,  is  part  of  a slab  which  has  an  incomplete 
female  figure  seated,  with  the  legs  outspread  and  bent,  with  the  heels  near 
the  thighs.  It  has  an  extreme  width  of  20£  inches  (52.1  cm.),  and  an 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


65 


average  thickness  of  2^  inches  (6.3cm.).  The  elbows  rest  on  the  knees; 
the  left  lower  leg  is  missing;  under  the  right  thigh  is  represented  some- 
thing which  appears  to  be  separated  from  the  body,  hut,  as  the  other  side 
is  missing,  it  is  impossible  to  determine  just  what  is  represented.  The 
figure  is  in  relief  against  the  background  set  in  from  the  border,  which 
surrounds  the  figure  on  each  side  and  above  the  head.  This  border  is  very 
much  weathered,  hut  there  appears  to  be  a series  of  conventionalized  faces, 
and  in  the  centre  of  the  upper  hand  is  apparently  a seated  figure.  The 
female  figure  is  very  well  carved.  There  is  a head-hand  over  the  forehead; 
the  ear  is  large  and  distended,  possibly  an  ear-ornament  is  represented ; 
the  nose  is  aquiline,  but  not  excessively  prominent;  the  openings  of  the 
eyes  are  shown  by  horizontal  lines,  which  give  the  appearance  of  closed 
eyes;  and  the  mouth,  by  a long  horizontal  line.  A two-strand  necklace 
is  around  the  neck.  The  hands  are  carved  in  a very  peculiar  manner,  out 
of  proportion  to  the  body,  and  do  not  appear  like  human  hands,  although 
five  fingers  are  represented ; what  appears  to  he  the  thumb  is  carved  like  a 
hook,  and  on  the  hack  of  the  hand  is  an  oval  incision.  Altogether  they 
appear  more  like  birds’  heads  than  human  hands ; this  is  especially  seen 
in  the  left  hand. 

No.  2,  Plate  XXXYI,  is  a thick  bas-relief  which  shows  a serrated 
enframing  band  surrounding  the  head  and  the  upper  part  of  the  slab, 
which  is  decorated  with  terraced  geometric  patterns.  It  is  13^  inches 
(33.7  cm.)  wide,  and  has  an  average  thickness  of  3§  inches  (8.6  cm.).  The 
bottom  of  the  slab  is  broken  off  just  below  the  figure.  This  bas-relief  is 
smaller  than  any  of  the  others.  The  human  figure,  a female,  is  complete, 
and  is  seated,  with  the  knees  bent  up  towards  the  body  and  the  heels  close 
to  the  thighs.  In  this  fragment  and  in  Xo.  1 of  the  same  plate,  the 
treatment  of  the  feet  is  similar  to  that  of  the  Trocadero  slab,  which  is 
characterized  by  enormous  heels,  somewhat  separated  from  the  rest  of  the 
foot,  forming  a ball.  The  arms  in  the  figure  are  bent,  with  the  hands 
upward  at  a level  with  the  shoulders;  and  the  fingers  are  shown  closed. 
The  treatment  of  the  body  generally  is  angular.  There  is  a deep  incision 
entirely  across  the  abdomen,  which,  as  represented  in  the  carving,  almost 
separates  the  upper  and  lower  extremities.  The  breasts  are  well  defined, 
and  the  neck  is  much  more  prominent  and  elongated  than  in  any  other 
figures  or  bas-reliefs  from  Manabi.  The  features  of  the  face  are  rather 


66  Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

battered.  The  top  of  the  head  has  a hood-like  covering.  On  either  side  of 
the  figure,  opposite  the  elbows,  is  a large  disc. 

On  Plate  XXXVII  are  six  fragments  of  bas-reliefs.  Xo.  2 is  a 
fragment  showing  a human  face.  It  has  a prominent  nose,  which  unfortu- 
nately is  broken,  prominent  cheek-bones,  and  a straight  horizontal  incision 
for  the  month.  The  angular  treatment  of  the  figure  is  shown  in  the  neck 
and  shoulders  and  the  clinched  left  hand,  which  is  raised  on  a level  with 
the  shoulder.  An  enframing  design  is  seen  on  the  left  side,  with  a large 
grecque  above  and  a smaller  grecqne  below.  It  belongs  to  the  same  type 
of  sculptures  as  those  just  described.  Xo.  5 is  a fragment  of  the  upper 
left-hand  corner  of  another  bas-relief,  showing  an  enframing  design  with 
geometric  patterns;  and  just  a portion  of  the  left  side  of  the  face  is  seen 
below,  as  well  as  what  is  apparently  a clinched  hand  on  a level  with  the 
shoulder.  Xos.  1,  4,  and  6 are  three  fragments  of  a bas-relief : the  largest 
piece  (Xo.  6)  is  apparently  the  upper  left-hand  side,  while  the  two  smaller 
pieces  evidently  are  parts  of  the  lower  section  of  the  same.  This  largest 
piece  shows  a band  with  terraced  geometric  patterns  and  small  discs 
enframing  a flat  disc  resting  in  a crescent.  On  the  large  disc  on  either 
side  is  a vertical  line.  Prom  this  fragment  it  is  impossible  to  determine 
whether  a human  figure  was  carved  below  this  flattened  disc  and  crescent. 
The  other  two  fragments  appear  to  be  parts  of  the  lower  section  of  this 
same  bas-relief,  as  the  same  designs  appear  which  are  found  in  the  band 
in  the  largest  piece.  Xo.  3 is  a small  section  of  a thick  bas-relief,  but 
whether  the  top  or  the  bottom  it  is  impossible  to  state.  Two  birds  are 
seen  facing  a triangular  design  with  a dot  in  the  centre ; below  this  is 
a wide  groove  above  a serrated  design. 

On  Plates  XXXVIII  and  XXXIX  are  illustrated  the  two  most 
interesting  bas-reliefs  found  in  Ecuador.  They  were  in  fragmentary 
condition,  and  appear  to  represent  a species  of  conventionalized  animal, 
perhaps  a lizard,  or  possibly  an  alligator. 

Plate  XXXVIII  was  in  eight  fragments,  and  the  pieces  brought 
together  give  all  of  the  essential  features  of  the  carving.  The  body  of  the 
animal  is  diamond-shaped.  In  the  centre  of  the  back  there  is  a series  of 
connecting  triangles  representing  the  vertebrae,  on  each  side  of  which  is 
a series  of  nine  dots  separated  from  the  central  design  by  a band.  The 
rear  extremity  of  the  body  resembles  that  of  the  female  figure,  Xo.  2, 


Saville:  Antiquities  o f Ma  n abi,  Ecuador 


67 


Plate  XXXVI.  Ilie  forearms  are  angular,  and  end  in  a series  of  curved, 
ribbon-like  appendages,  and  this  is  also  found  on  the  ends  of  the  rear  part 
of  the  body.  The  head  is  attached  to  the  body  by  a band  which  connects 
with  the  top  of  the  head,  which  in  the  illustration  will  appear  to  be 
upside  down ; this  would  be  the  natural  position  of  the  head  in  swimming, 
if  the  illustration  were  reversed.  Attention  has  already  been  called  to  the 
main  features  of  the  head  in  describing  the  design  on  the  column  Xo.  3, 
Plate  XXXIII,  which  is  also  illustrated  in  Pig.  4.  Surrounding  the  head 
is  a series  of  tentacles.  The  lizard  does  not  have  the  tentacles,  this 
being  a feature  of  the  octopus;  and  this,  joined  with  the  lizard-like  body 
and  the  rear  extremities  (resembling  those  of  the  female  figures),  results 
in  a composite  creature  which  might  better  be  described  as  a mythical 
monster.  Between  the  two  tentacles  which  reach  out  from  the  lower 
part  of  the  face  is  a bat  with  outspread  wings,  on  the  upper  part  of 
which,  on  each  side,  may  be  seen  a hook.  The  head  is  in  profile  with 
a “leaf”  nose.  On  each  side  of  the  head  of  the  monster,  between  ten- 
tacles, are  two  moderate-sized  discs.  The  bas-relief  is  31  inches  (78.7  cm.) 
high,  17f  inches  (44.8  cm.)  wide,  and  inches  (5.7  cm.)  thick. 

Plate  XXXIX  represents  the  other  bas-relief  of  a mythical  monster. 
A greater  part  of  the  middle  of  the  sculpture  is  missing,  but  in  a general 
way  the  treatment  of  this  sculpture  is  much  more  geometric  and  angular 
than  that  on  the  preceding  plate.  The  vertebrae  are  represented  on  the 
upper  part  of  the  back.  The  treatment  of  the  rear  extremities  is  similar  to 
that  in  the  other  sculpture,  with  the  exception  of  the  ribbon-like  append- 
ages and  the  separation  of  the  thighs  by  a tail  extending  from  the  diamond- 
shaped body,  and  partly  curved  around  the  right  thigh.  The  head  of  the 
animal  is  different  from  the  other,  but  the  salient  features  are  brought  out 
in  the  face.  At  the  lower  part  of  the  head  are  six  tentacles;  the  two 
nearest  the  face  are  grecques ; the  two  on  each  corner  end  in  spirals;  while 
the  two  at  the  base  of  the  face  are  represented  in  the  same  manner  as  in 
the  bas-reliefs  on  Plate  XXXVIII.  Between  them  is  a large  circular 
disc.  On  each  side  of  the  sculpture  are  terraced  designs.  It  is  26  £ inches 
(67.3  cm.)  high,  17  inches  (43.2  cm.)  wide,  and  If  inches  (4.4  cm.)  thick. 

RESOXAXT  STOXE.  Suarez  states,  that  “in  Picoaza  there  was 
preserved,  until  a little  while  ago,  a bell  of  the  aborigines  of  that  locality. 


68  Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

It  was  a stone  slab  of  black  slate,  a metre  (little  more  or  less)  in  height, 
and  some  centimetres  wide.  When  this  stone  was  suspended  from  one  of 
its  ends,  the  striking  of  it  with  another  stone  or  with  the  hand  produced 
a metallic  and  pleasant  sound,  which  vibrated  like  that  of  a bell.”  We 
failed  to  find  any  traces  of  this  stone.  It  is  probably  being  used  as  a 
metate  in  one  of  the  houses  in  the  village. 

METATES.  The  metate  or  inealing-stone  is  found  in  many  of  the 
ruins.  So  far  as  we  observed,  the  people  to-day  have  no  other  hand-mills 
than  those  which  they  obtain  from  the  ancient  habitation-sites  on  the  hills. 
The  search  for  these  stones  resulted  in  bringing  to  light  many  small  sculp- 
tures which  were  in  their  possession,  and  made  it  possible  for  us  to  collect 
the  stone  figures  and  bas-reliefs  we  have  just  described.  The  metates  of 
Manabi  are  thin,  slightly  curved  slabs  of  gritty  sandstone,  without  legs  or 
supports.  Three  examples  are  illustrated  in  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3 of  Plate  XL. 
No.  1 has  an  average  length  of  19£  inches  (49.5  cm.),  a width  of 
12|  inches  (31.8  cm.),  and  a thickness  of  inches  (3.8  cm.).  No.  2 is 
16|  inches  (42.5  cm.)  in  length,  10£  inches  (26.7  cm.)  in  width,  and 
inches  (2.9  cm.)  in  thickness.  No.  3 is  18f  inches  (47.3  cm.)  long,  11| 
inches  (28.6  cm.)  wide,  and  2 inches  (5.1  cm.)  thick.  These  specimens 
are  typical  of  all  the  metates  from  this  region.  Those  from  Esmeraldas 
and  Colombia  are  of  a different  type. 

Characteristic  hand-stones  for  the  metates,  of  two  kinds,  are  shown 
in  Nos.  4 and  5 of  Plate  XL.  No.  4 of  the  same  plate  is  10§  inches 
(27  cm.)  long,  and  is  of  a massive  dark-brown  stone.  No.  5,  which  is 
13  inches  (33  cm.)  long,  is  made  of  the  same  stone  as  are  the  metates,  and 
the  wearing-down  of  the  stone  is  shown  in  the  swellings  at  each  end.  It 
is  slender,  and  is  the  usual  form  of  liand-stone,  many  fragments  being 
noticed  in  the  ruins  of  Manta  and  on  Cerro  de  Hojas.  No.  6 is  a 
small  porphyritic  stone  somewhat  resembling  a broken  hand-stone;  but 
on  the  upper  surface,  which  is  shown  in  the  illustration,  there  is  a pitted 
depression.  The  under  surface  shows  that  it  has  been  used  as  a grinding- 
stone.  No.  7 is  a typical  hammer-stone  of  chalcedony,  and  from  its  type 
it  might  have  been  found  at  almost  any  place  in  western  America.  A 
hammer-stone  of  light-brown  chert  was  obtained,  but  it  is  not  illustrated. 
Hammer-stones  are  relatively  common  around  the  ruins  in  Manabi. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador  69 

Stone  axes  or  celts  were  not  found  in  the  region  under  consideration, 
although  diligent  search  was  made  for  them ; nor  are  chipped  stone  imple- 
ments (such  as  arrow  and  spear  heads,  knives,  and  scrapers)  represented  in 
the  collection.  This  is  a most  unusual  feature  of  the  archeology  of  any 
well-defined  culture-area.  Implements  of  this  class  must  have  been  used 
by  the  ancient  people,  and  the  fact  that  we  were  unable  to  find  them 
would  seem  to  indicate  their  relative  scarcity  in  former  times.  In  the 
interior  of  Ecuador,  almost  every  type  of  axe  is  found,  and  several  of 
the  forms  are  unknown  elsewhere. 

EMERALDS.  All  ancient  historians  relate  that  the  Spaniards, 
when  they  first  entered  the  province  of  Manabi,  received  a large  number 
of  emeralds  from  the  inhabitants  of  the  country.  As  has  been  stated 
before,  the  Indians  of  Manta  worshipped  a large  emerald,  which  they 
called  Umina;  and  the  offerings  to  this  deity  were  preferably  small 
emeralds,  which  were  called  the  children  of  the  deity.  We  learn  from 
Acosta,  that  the  emeralds  of  this  region  were  superior  in  beauty,  size,  and 
hardness  to  those  of  New  Granada;  and  from  Garcilasso  de  la  Vega,  that 
Alvarado  and  his  companions  obtained  many,  but  that  the  Indians 
concealed  the  large  emerald,  and  it  was  never  found.  Herrera  relates 
that,  at  a town  called  Passao,  Pizarro  was  presented  with  an  emerald  as 
large  as  a pigeon’s  egg.  The  insignia  of  the  kings  of  Wnito  were  reputed 
to  be  emeralds;  and  Ulloa  asserts  that  emeralds  have  been  found  in 
the  tombs  of  Manta  and  Atacames.  Diligent  search  was  made  by  the 
Spanish  conquerors  to  discover  the  mine  or  mines  whence  the  Indians  of 
Manabi  obtained  this  precious  stone,  but  without  success.  There  can  be 
no  doubt  that  in  this  region  many  emeralds  were  in  the  possession  of  the 
inhabitants,  but  we  know  of  no  emeralds  having  been  found  in  modern 
times  in  this  part  of  Ecuador.  In  the  province  of  Esmeraldas,  where  the 
natives  have  long  been  active  in  exploring  ancient  habitation-sites  for 
gold,  but  few  emeralds  have  been  reported.  This  region  actually  takes  its 
name  from  the  gem. 

Wolf  believes  that  the  emeralds  found  in  Manabi  came  from  the 
mines  of  Colombia,  where  they  are  still  mined  to-day.  He  remarks  that 
“ the  Spanish  conquerors,  who  found  many  emeralds  in  Manabi,  supposed 
that  they  wrere  the  product  of  the  same  region;  and,  when  hunting  for 


70 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 


tlieir  origin,  the  Indians  indicated  a country  more  to  the  north,  Colombia. 
Perhaps  the  Spaniards  mistakenly  understood  the  nearer  province,  which 
they  called  Esmeraldas,  a name  which  has  remained  until  now,  although 
experience  has  not  confirmed  this  supposition.”  Wolf  further  states, 
that  “ there  does  not  exist  a single  formation  or  rock  which  might 
contain  mines  of  emeralds  in  this  region ; the  only  possibility  being 
that  we  might  find  these  stones,  as  we  find  gold,  loosely  in  the  ground, 
brought  from  a distance  from  other  formations.  In  the  first  place,  the 
rivers  of  the  region  do  not  pass,  or  in  their  upper  waters  cross,  formations 
which  we  might  consider  as  a place  where  emeralds  might  be  found; 
and,  secondly,  we  do  not  find  a single  emerald  in  the  loess  or  in  the 
placer- workings  of  gold.”  We  are  informed,  however,  notwithstanding 
the  assertion  of  Wolf,  that  the  geological  formation  of  Manabi  does  not 
preclude  the  finding  of  emeralds  in  that  region.  Although  emeralds  have 
been  rarely  found  in  Esmeraldas,  there  seems  to  be  no  reason  why  they 
should  not  occur  in  Manabi. 

We  have  already  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  geology  of 
this  region  has  not  been  studied.  So  far  as  archeological  evidence  is 
concerned,  we  know  of  no  instance  of  worked  emeralds  having  been 
found  in  the  ancient  graves  or  tombs  of  Manabi ; but  this  does  not  add 
weight  to  the  theory  of  their  non-existence  in  the  province.  Un- 
doubtedly, when  careful  archeological  excavations  are  made,  they  will 
be  discovered  in  the  graves.  Belief  in  the  tradition  of  the  large 
emerald  which  was  worshipped  at  Manta  is  still  general  among  the 
natives.  Detailed  accounts  of  the  early  writers  regarding  this  subject 
will  be  found  in  the  various  relations  in  the  Notes  at  the  end  of  this 
monograph. 

GOLD,  SILVER,  AND  COPPER.  Gold  and  silver  were  com- 
monly used  for  ornaments,  and  the  Spanish  conquerors  secured  large 
quantities  of  these  precious  metals.  Cieza  de  Leon  relates  that  Pedro 
de  Alvarado  found  many  vases  full  of  gold,  silver,  and  precious  stones, 
besides  a great  quantity  of  emeralds,  in  a village  which  was  probably 
near  the  site  of  the  present  town  of  Bahia  de  Caraques.  Zarate  says 
that  the  natives  wore  jewels  of  gold  and  silver  in  their  noses  and  ears, 
and  also  had  strings  of  gold,  silver,  and  turquoise  beads,  wound  around 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


71 


their  legs  and  arms,  but  that  the  gold  was  of  a low  grade.  It  was 
believed  by  the  Spaniards  that  there  were  rich  deposits  of  gold  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  province,  hut  they  were  never  able  to  discover  the 
mines.  We  were  unable,  during  our  visit  to  Ecuador,  to  learn  of  any 
ancient  gold  objects  being  found  at  present  in  Manabi.  The  only  speci- 
mens of  metal  which  Ave  secured  Avere  of  copper,  although  no  mention 
of  the  use  of  copper  or  bronze  is  made  by  the  early  chroniclers. 

A single  axe — No.  1,  Plate  XLII — Avas  obtained  in  the  Adllage  of 
Papagallo,  and  is  said  to  have  been  found  in  Cerro  Jaboncillo.  It  is 
3§  inches  (8.6  cm.)  long,  2^  inches  (5.4  cm.)  broad  at  the  cutting-edge, 
and  ^ of  an  inch  (0.6  cm.)  at  the  thickest  part.  There  are  ridges 
along  the  edges  on  both  sides,  and  the  cutting-edge  has  been  ground 
sharp  with  a gritstone,  as  shoAvn  by  numerous  striated  lines ; this  sharp- 
ness does  not  appear  to  be  ancient.  The  form  of  the  axe  is  not  of 
the  usual  South  American  type,  and  is  comparatively  rare  in  western 
South  America.  It  resembles  quite  closely  the  Mexican  and  Central 
American  copper  axes.  Three  hells  from  Cerro  de  Hojas  are  illustrated 
(natural  size)  in  Nos.  2,  3,  and  4 of  Plate  XLII.  They  were  not 
suspended  from  loops  at  the  top,  but  by  a cord  which  was  inserted  through 
the  two  holes  in  the  upper  part.  No.  4 still  contains  a small  stone  pellet 
for  producing  the  tinkling  sound.  As  in  all  bells  of  this  class,  there  is 
a slit  on  the  under  side;  hut  the  slits  in  the  Manabi  bells  extend  around 
two-thirds  of  the  circumference.  Nearly  all  small  copper  bells  from  other 
sections  of  ancient  America  have  the  loop  for  suspension. 

Metal  discs  worn  as  breast-ornaments  were  common,  in  pre- 
columbian times,  from  Plorida  to  Argentine.  They  are  often  called 
masks  of  shields ; but  numerous  old  illustrations  shoAV  their  use  as 
ornaments,  suspended  from  the  neck,  and  hanging  over  the  breast. 
Ambrosetti  illustrates  a mummy  from  the  Calchaqui  country  in  Argen- 
tine, with  a copper  disc  on  the  chest;  and  a number  of  gold  discs  have 
been  found  in  various  tombs  in  Mexico,  in  place,  on  the  breast  of  the 
skeleton.  The  greater  number  of  metal  discs  are  but  slightly  embossed, 
the  decoration  being  but  little  raised,  and  they  are  generally  of  about 
the  same  diameter.  The  Ecuador  specimens  are  nearly  all  of  the  same 
general  type,  and  are  characterized  by  an  embossed  face  in  the  centre, 
varying  from  £ of  an  inch  (1.3  cm.)  to  2 inches  (5.1  cm.)  in  height. 


72  Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

The  greater  number  of  Ecuadorian  discs  are  of  copper.  A disc  of 
gold  from  Cuenca  has  been  figured  and  described  by  Bollaert.  In  the 
Museum  of  the  University  of  Quito  are  six  gold  discs  from  Angel,  in 
the  province  of  Carchi.  Discs  have  been  found  in  the  varioiis  culture- 
areas  throughout  Ecuador ; but  the  three  copper  ones  from  Manabi,  about 
to  be  described,  are  the  most  massive  of  any  of  the  objects  of  this  class 
which  we  have  seen.  They  were  found,  together  with  several  others,  in 
a cache  in  Manantial,  and  are  illustrated  on  Plate  XLI.  No.  1 is  the 
largest.  It  is  11^  inches  (30.2  cm.)  in  diameter,  and  the  head  is  raised 
If  inches  (4.4  cm.).  Above  the  head  are  two  perforations  for  suspension, 
and  another  perforation  is  on  the  line  of  the  lower  part  of  the  mouth. 
The  head  unquestionably  represents  either  a tiger  or  a puma,  and  may  be 
compared  with  some  of  the  animal  heads  on  the  seats.  The  disc  has  an 
average  thickness  of  £ of  an  inch  (0.3  cm.).  No.  2 is  slightly  smaller, 
and  is  not  a perfect  disc,  being  10^  inches  (26  cm.)  high,  and  9^  inches 
(25.1  cm.)  wide.  The  animal  head  has  an  extreme  projection  of  If  inches 
(4.4  cm.),  and,  as  in  the  other  specimen,  there  are  two  perforations  above 
the  head  for  suspension,  and  one  in  the  mouth.  The  features  of  the 
puma-like  face  are  better  seen  in  this  specimen  than  in  the  preceding 
one;  and  the  mouth,  as  will  be  noted  in  the  illustration,  is  carried  around 
the  entire  lower  part  of  the  face.  The  thickness  of  the  disc  is  slightly 
less  than  £ of  an  inch  (0.3  cm.).  No.  3 is  the  smallest  and  most  massive 
of  any  of  the  discs  known  from  Ecuador.  It  has  an  average  diameter  of 
8§  inches  (22.5  cm.).  The  face  has  a projection  of  1£  inches  (3.8  cm.), 
and  there  are  two  perforations  above  the  head  for  suspension,  and  two 
in  the  mouth.  The  rim  of  the  disc,  on  both  sides,  is  raised,  and  gives  an 
average  thickness  of  nearly  f of  an  inch  (0.6  cm.).  The  treatment  of  the 
face  is  somewhat  different  from  that  of  the  other  two  specimens.  There 
appear  to  be  bossed  designs  on  the  forehead.  In  studying  the  animal 
heads  of  these  three  discs,  attention  is  called  to  a somewhat  similar  treat- 
ment of  the  nose  and  eyes  on  the  bas-reliefs  illustrated  on  Plates 
XXXVIII  and  XXXIX,  and  also  to  the  design  on  the  column,  No.  3, 
Plate  XXXIII.  It  may  be  remarked  here,  that  these  specimens  may  also 
have  served  as  gongs ; for,  when  struck  with  the  hand  or  a hard  substance, 
they  remind  us  strongly  of  the  sounds  produced  by  the  bronze  gongs  used 
in  the  Philippine  Islands,  giving  a clear,  resonant,  metallic  sound.  We 


73 


Saville : Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 

are  inclined  strongly  to  tlie  belief  that  these  Manabi  discs  were  nsed  for 
that  purpose,  and  that  the  holes  in  the  mouth  were  for  holding  feathers 
or  some  object  for  decoration. 

CERAMICS.  Of  the  ceramic  art  of  the  province  of  Manabi  we 
can  say  but  little  until  excavations  are  made  in  the  ancient  tombs. 
According  to  reports  of  the  burial-customs  of  the  ancient  people  of  the 
coast  provinces  of  Ecuador,  it  appears  that  urn  burial  was  the  customary 
method  of  interring  the  dead.  As  before  stated,  in  the  ruins  of  Manta 
great  quantities  of  potsherds  of  a red  ware  are  scattered  over  the  ground. 
These  fragments  are  thick  and  massive,  showing  that  they  are  the  remains 
of  large  urns;  and  they  are  especially  numerous  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
present  Manta  cemetery.  It  is  common  report  in  Manta,  that  this  was 
the  location  of  the  ancient  temple:  at  all  events,  we  were  told  that  the 
remains  of  many  large  jars  were  found  while  grading  for  the  cemetery, 
and  that  they  were  thrown  out.  Great  heaps  of  them  are  still  to  be  seen 
near  the  western  side  of  the  burial  enclosure.  Bearing  in  mind  the  fact  of 
urn  burial,  it  seems  probable  that  this  place,  in  ancient  times,  was  also 
used  as  a burial-place.  Tradition  states  that  the  burials  were  made  in 
deep  holes  excavated  in  the  earth,  which  renders  the  accidental  finding 
of  pottery  vessels  very  uncertain.  The  greater  number  of  pottery  objects 
are  found  in  regions  where  the  burials  were  rather  near  the  surface,  and 
they  are  brought  to  light  by  the  plough  and  the  frequent  washouts  which 
occur  during  the  rainy  season:  thus,  without  excavating,  we  should  expect 
to  find,  in  a region  where  deep  burials  were  made,  but  few  pottery  vessels. 
Of  the  smaller  objects  of  pottery,  many  specimens  have  been  found, 
especially  in  the  ruins  of  Manta,  and  near  the  base  and  on  the  slopes  of 
the  Cerro  de  Hojas.  These  include  small  figures  of  both  human  and 
animal  form,  and  heads  of  the  same,  whistles,  heads  which  may  belong 
either  to  figures  or  to  whistles,  innumerable  spindle-whorls  (nearly  all  of 
which  bear  interesting  incised  decorations),  stamps,  moulds,  and  fragments 
of  vessels.  Suarez  has  illustrated  and  described  a few  small  figures, 
heads,  and  whistles  from  Manabi.  These  are  the  only  specimens  of  this 
class  which  have  been  published,  with  the  exception  of  a single  head 
figured  by  Seler. 


74  Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

POTTERY  VESSELS.  Erom  Manabi  we  know  but  four  examples 
of  pottery  vessels,  all  of  them  of  small  size.  Seler  figures  two  pieces  of 
pottery  from  Manabi,  — one,  a bead  of  a figure  or  whistle,  like  the  general 
type  of  beads  found  throughout  the  province ; the  other,  a vessel  resting 
on  an  annular  stand  (Xo.  5,  Plate  XLII).  It  is  quite  similar  to  Xo.  6 
of  the  same  plate,  obtained  in  Monte  Cristi.  This  vase  lacks  the  raised 
rim  around  the  lower  part  of  the  neck,  which  is  a feature  of  the  Berlin 
specimen.  It  is  of  a dark-gray  color,  resembling  strongly  the  ware  of 
Oaxaca,  4£  inches  (11.4  cm.)  high ; and  the  rim  of  the  orifice  is  3^  inches 
(8.3  cm.)  in  diameter.  Only  two  other  complete  examples  of  pottery 
vessels  were  secured  in  Manabi.  Xo.  7 is  a small  vessel  of  heavy  brown 
ware  in  the  shape  of  a double  water-gourd,  — a form  common  in  the 
ancient  ceramics  of  Xortli  and  South  America.  It  was  found  in  the 
vicinity  of  Porto  Viejo.  The  walls  are  massive,  and  the  base  is  slightly 
concaved.  It  is  smaller,  however,  than  most  of  the  vessels  of  this  form, 
being  only  3J  inches  (8.9  cm.)  in  height.  The  other  specimen,  from 
Monte  Cristi  (shown  in  Xo.  8),  is  likewise  massive  and  of  a brownish 
black,  showing  traces  of  disintegration  on  the  upper  surface.  This  piece 
is  of  a form  generally  found  in  various  parts  of  ancient  America,  being 
especially  numerous  in  Oaxaca  and  southern  Central  America.  It  is 
commonly  called  a “ shoe  form,”  but  unquestionably  it  is  derived  from 
the  body  of  an  aquatic  bird,  often  the  duck.  The  rim  is  quite  circular ; 
and  below,  surrounding  the  opening,  is  a decoration  of  incised  lines,  and 
nodes  with  a single  vertical  incised  line,  worked  out  with  a blunt  instru- 
ment. The  length  is  5|  inches  (13  cm.),  and  the  height,  3£  inches 
(8.9  cm.).  A large  fragment  from  Manta  is  part  of  an  interesting  vessel. 
The  ware  is  of  a brownish  color  with  rather  thin  walls.  The  lower  part 
of  this  olla  is  undecorated,  and  presents  the  natural  surface  of  the  clay. 
The  upper  part  has  been  painted  red,  and  highly  polished.  The  neck, 
which  is  decorated  with  a human  face  similar  in  technique  to  the  faces 
on  the  Riobamba  vessels  in  the  interior  of  Ecuador,  is  without  paint, 
with  the  exception  of  the  under  part  of  the  chin  and  the  upper  part  of 
the  head,  over  the  forehead  and  well  down  over  the  ears.  The  inner 
surface  of  the  rim  is  also  painted  red,  and  polished.  On  the  polished 
red  surface,  which  covers  the  greater  part  of  the  almost  spherical  vessel, 
is  the  incised  design  shown  in  Eig.  9.  It  reminds  us  strongly  of  somewhat 


75 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 

analogous  designs  on  the  Mayan  ware  of  Central  America.  In  the 
general  shape  of  the  vessel,  however,  there  is  again  a striking  resemblance 
to  the  Riobamba  pottery  of  the  interior.  No.  5 of  Plate  LIV  is  a 


fragment  of  a small  ladle-like  vessel  of  dark  slate-colored  clay.  It  is 
about  3£  inches  (8.9  cm.)  in  length.  The  handle  is  short,  and  terminates 
with  a clinched  fist.  Similar  ladles,  but  of  a different  clay  and  technique 
and  of  various  sizes,  are  found  abundantly  in  Costa  Rica.  In  Mexico, 
objects  of  this  class  are,  as  a rule,  very  much  larger  in  size ; and  they 
were  employed  as  incense-burners.  Undoubtedly  this  fragment  was  used 
for  the  same  purpose.  In  the  interior  of  Ecuador  we  have  not  seen  any 
specimens  of  a like  character. 

MOULDS.  But  a single  example  of  pottery  moulds  was  found  in 
Manabi,  and  it  is  figured  in  No.  9,  Plate  XLII,  with  a cast  from  mould 
No.  10  of  the  same  plate.  It  is  from  Bahia  de  Caraques ; and  the  cast 
shows  a puma-like  figure  with  the  head,  shoulders,  chest,  and  fore  legs. 
It  is  of  considerable  interest,  inasmuch  as  it  is  the  only  specimen  we 
have  from  this  locality,  and  the  treatment  of  the  figure  is  quite  similar 
to  that  of  some  of  the  animal  figures  in  the  seats.  Both  the  mould  and 
cast  are  of  natural  size  in  the  illustration.  The  mould  has  an  extreme 
thickness  of  1 inch  (2.5  cm.).  It  was  perhaps  used  in  making  the  front 
of  pottery  whistles. 


76  Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

STAMPS.  Pottery  stamps  are  not  common  in  Ecuador,  and  we 
found  but  four  specimens,  which  are  figured  on  Plate  XLII.  Xo.  11  is  a 
cylindrical,  rounded  disc,  with  a shank  on  the  back  part  for  holding  in 
the  hand,  in  order  to  press  down  upon  the  object  to  receive  the  impression. 
On  the  under  surface,  as  seen  in  the  cut,  are  a series  of  deeply  incised, 
U-shaped  incisions  surrounding  a circle.  This  is  the  only  complete 
example  we  found,  and  the  only  one  of  the  circular  type.  Xos.  12  and 
13  are  fragments  of  rectangular-shaped  stamps  which  have  designs  almost 
identical  with  the  pattern  on  the  front  of  seat  Xo.  1,  Plate  XXXI.  Xo.  14 
is  a fragment,  less  than  a fourth  of  the  original  stamp.  In  the  upper  part 
will  be  seen  a grecque-like  design;  below,  the  pattern  seems  to  indicate 
that  probably  the  central  part  of  the  stamp  had  an  animal  figure.  When 
complete,  this  specimen  was  one  of  the  largest  of  this  class  of  objects  we 
have  ever  seen.  The  fragment  has  an  extreme  length  of  2f  inches  (7  cm.), 
is  2£  inches  (6.3  cm.)  in  width,  and  about  ^ of  an  inch  (1.3  cm.)  in 
thickness.  The  illustration  is  figured  two-thirds  of  its  natural  size.  The 
other  stamps  are  drawn  in  natural  size.  They  are  all  from  Cerro  de 
Hojas,  with  the  exception  of  Xo.  12,  which  is  from  Monte  Oristi. 

Xo.  8 of  Plate  L represents  a curious  object  of  clay  resembling  a 
pestle.  The  upper  end  is  ornamented  with  a rude  human  face  having  a 
large  nose.  Below  the  head  are  seen  two  nodes,  probably  representing  the 
breasts.  The  bottom  of  the  object  has  deep  incised  lines,  which  are  shown 
in  Xo.  9 of  the  same  plate.  In  general  it  very  closely  resembles  the  stone 
pestles  of  the  West  Indies.  In  Colombia,  pestle-like  objects  in  clay  are 
known,  and  there  are  several  in  the  collections  of  the  American  Museum 
of  Xatural  History.  These  are  also  incised  on  the  under  surface.  It  is 
probable  that  they  were  used  as  stamps.  The  one  just  described  is  from 
Cerro  de  Hojas,  and  is  figured  two-thirds  of  its  natural  size. 

SPIXDLE-WHORLS.  Throughout  ancient  America,  cotton  and 
woollen  thread  was  spun  on  wooden  spindles  weighted  with  whorls  of 
baked  clay,  pottery,  or  stone.  Spindle- whorls  are  found  in  great  numbers 
in  Mexico  and  Colombia;  and  many  complete  spindles  with  whorls  have 
been  discovered  in  baskets,  associated  Arith  mummies,  along  the  coast 
of  Peru.  Suarez,  in  his  “Preliistoria  Ecuatoriana,”  figures  five  spindle- 
whorls  from  the  Island  of  Puna,  in  Gulf  of  Guayaquil.  He  describes 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


77 


them  as  spheres  of  black  clay,  artificially  hardened,  and  states  that  origi- 
nally they  were  entirely  covered  with  a thin,  delicate  lamina  of  gold, 
which  brought  out  in  relief  the  designs  cut  out  on  their  surfaces.  He  has 
reproduced  the  flattened  designs  of  three  of  these  whorls,  which  resemble 
somewhat  the  patterns  on  the  collection  from  La  Secita,  near  the  Cerro  de 
Hoj  as.  We  were  unable  either  to  obtain  or  learn  of  a single  specimen 
in  the  Puruha  region  near  Riobamba.  Reference  has  already  been  made 
to  the  thousands  of  whorls  found  at  La  Secita.  On  Plates  XLIII  to 
XL VIII  are  the  designs,  in  natural  size,  of  a hundred  and  one  specimens 
from  this  locality,  selected  from  more  than  five  hundred  examples. 

There  is  considerable  variety  in  the  shape  of  these  whorls  and  in 
their  size.  The  majority  of  them  are  of  the  conical  type,  but  some  are 
bead-shaped.  The  decorations  are  all  incised,  many  of  them  being  quite 
deeply  cut.  As  will  be  seen  in  the  plates,  the  greater  number  of  the 
patterns  are  geometric.  There  is  infinite  variety  in  the  treatment  of  the 
designs.  With  possibly  a few  exceptions,  the  designs  on  Plates  XLIII 
to  XL VI  do  not  appear  to  be  derived  from  life  forms ; the  exceptions 
noted  being  Xos.  4 to  6,  and  8 of  Plate  XLIV,  which  may  possibly  be 
derived  from  bird  motives.  Xos.  1 to  6 of  Plate  XL VII  are  all  gro- 
tesque faces.  The  remaining  designs  on  this  plate  are  birds,  among 
which  may  be  recognized  the  pelican.  On  Plate  XLVIII  are  the 
animals,  nearly  all  highly  conventionalized  in  character.  Xo.  10  is  a 
very  pretty  representation  of  a lizard,  Xo.  17  is  a serpent,  and  in  some 
of  the  others  the  puma  may  be  recognized.  Xos.  16  and  18  are  conven- 
tionalized forms,  which  may  be  compared  with  the  designs  on  Plate 
XLIV,  to  which  special  attention  has  already  been  called.  Xo.  16 
appears  unquestionably  to  be  derived  from  a bird.  It  may  be  said  that, 
owing  to  the  fact  that  there  has  been  considerable  abrasion  on  the 
surfaces  of  these  whorls,  in  many  cases  the  illustrations  do  not  give  a 
true  idea  of  the  care  with  which  they  have  been  decorated.  In  the 
majority  of  the  specimens,  however,  the  workmanship  is  rather  crude, 
and  as  a collection  they  do  not  compare  in  beauty  with  the  finer  whorls 
from  Colombia  and  from  the  valley  of  Mexico. 

WHISTLES.  The  pottery  whistles  or  musical  instruments  illus- 
trated on  Plates  XLIX  and  L are  nearly  all  from  the  Cerro  de  Hoj  as. 


78  Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

They  are  drawn  in  natural  size,  with  the  exception  of  Nos.  6 and  7 of 
Plate  L,  which  are  two-thirds  of  the  natural  size.  In  the  interior  of 
Ecuador,  pottery  whistles  are  not  common.  None  were  found  in  the 
region  of  the  Puruhas,  near  Rlobamba ; but  they  occur  in  the  Imbabura 
district,  north  of  Quito.  Along  the  coast  a number  of  them  have  been 
discovered  in  Esmeraldas.  Dorsey  has  figured  several  bird-form  whistles 
from  the  Island  of  La  Plata,  off  the  coast  of  Manabi ; and  Suarez  also 
figures  several  from  the  vicinity  of  Cerro  de  Hojas.  In  our  collection  the 
forms  are  varied,  and  they  present  several  types  not  found  elsewhere. 

Nos.  1,  2,  and  3 of  Plate  XLIX,  are  of  the  same  type.  The  first  two 
specimens  represent  an  animal,  probably  an  opossum.  The  tail  is  held 
under  the  lower  jaw  by  the  fore  paws.  In  No.  3 the  tail  is  curled  in  front 
of  the  body,  while  the  fore  paws  are  placed  under  the  lower  jaw.  In  all 
three  specimens  the  mouth-piece  is  a hole  in  the  back.  No.  1 has  three 
finger-holes,  while  Nos.  2 and  3 have  only  two,  as  seen  in  the  illustrations. 
No.  2 is  from  the  vicinity  of  Cape  Santa  Elena  in  the  province  of  Guayas, 
which  probably  limits  the  Manabi  culture.  No.  4 is  an  animal  which 
cannot  be  identified  with  certainty.  There  is  a perforation  through  the 
neck  for  suspension,  and  on  the  right  side  are  two  finger-holes.  No.  5 
is  an  animal  with  incised  designs  on  each  side.  On  the  side  not  shown  in 
the  illustration  are  two  grecque  patterns.  The  two  finger-holes  are  on  the 
right  side,  as  in  the  three  whistles  above  described.  The  bat  figure  (No.  6) 
is  an  interesting  example,  with  an  extension  at  the  back  for  a mouth.  It 
has  no  finger-holes.  No.  7 represents  a puma  with  slender  arched  body 
and  upcurved  tail.  It  rests  on  a hollow  flattened  sphere,  which  is  the 
whistle.  Through  the  back  of  the  animal  is  a perforation  directly  oppo- 
site a small  hole  in  the  whistle.  The  mouth-hole  is  in  the  front,  and  there 
is  a finger-hole  on  each  side.  No.  8 is  broken.  Possibly  a bird’s  head  was 
on  the  smaller  section.  There  are  two  finger-holes  and  a perforation  for 
suspension.  Nos.  9 and  10  are  birds.  In  No.  9 the  mouth-piece  is  at  the 
end  of  the  tail,  with  a vent-hole  below.  It  has  no  finger-holes.  No.  10 
appears  broken  at  the  end,  and  probably  part  of  the  mouth-piece  extension 
is  missing.  The  vent-hole  is  above,  and  on  each  side  there  is  a finger-hole. 
Nos.  11  and  12  are  both  common  types.  Each  has  a mouth -piece  and 
vent-hole.  Nos.  13  and  14  are  intended  to  represent  shells.  On  the  first 
specimen  is  an  incised  spiral.  On  the  upper  edge  are  traces  of  two 


79 


Saville : Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 

perforations  for  suspension.  The  month-hole  is  at  the  bottom.  On  one 
side  are  three  finger-holes,  and  on  the  opposite  side  a single  hole.  !No.  14 
is  broken  at  the  base,  and  has  a perforated  handle  on  one  edge,  near 
the  upper  part.  It  has  three  hollow  tubular  openings  extending  down- 
ward, as  shown  by  the  dotted  lines  in  the  cut.  This  whistle  is  related 
in  form  to  the  pan-pipes  of  bamboo  common  throughout  South  America. 
No.  15  is  entirely  plain,  and  is  similar  to  No.  13,  with  the  exception  of 
having  two  finger-holes  on  the  side,  as  shown  in  the  drawing. 

On  Plate  L are  whistles  of  the  human  figure  type.  Nos.  1 and  2 
are  noteworthy  specimens.  In  No.  1 the  whistle  is  complete.  It  is  a long, 
hollow  tube,  to  which  is  attached  a human  figure  with  a swelling  at  the 
back,  forming  a second  whistle.  In  the  upper  part  of  the  breast  is  a single 
finger-hole.  No.  2 is  of  the  same  type,  but  the  tubular  part  is  missing. 
The  finger-hole  is  over  the  abdomen.  The  face  of  this  figure  is  simian  in 
character.  Suarez  figures  a whistle  of  this  type  in  his  “Atlas  Arqueo- 
logico  Ecuatoriano,”  Plate  XIX,  Fig.  2.  Like  our  No.  2,  the  tubular  part 
is  missing  and  the  single  finger-hole  is  in  the  abdomen.  No.  3 is  the  head 
of  a human  figure,  with  the  mouth-piece  extending  from  the  top  of  the 
head,  and  with  a vent-hole  at  the  back.  It  has  no  finger-holes,  and  emits 
a shrill,  piercing  note.  The  pottery  is  a brown  ware.  A similar  whistle 
of  black  ware  in  the  collection  is  not  illustrated.  Both  specimens  are 
incomplete,  the  bodies  being  missing.  No.  4 is  the  head  of  a human 
figure  with  two  distinct  mouth-holes,  as  will  be  noted  in  the  cut.  Two 
corresponding  vent-holes  are  in  the  back  of  the  head.  The  resonators 
were  in  the  body  of  the  figure,  which  is  missing.  Three  other  examples 
(not  illustrated)  are  in  the  collection,  and  show  that  the  whistles  are  two 
hollow  tubes  in  the  figure,  gradually  diminishing  in  size  at  the  lower  end. 
Suarez  has  figured  an  example  of  this  type,  the  lower  part  of  the  body 
being  also  missing.  No.  5 represents  a rudely  made,  seated  human  figure, 
with  a globular  expansion  at  the  back.  In  this  expansion  is  the  mouth- 
hole.  The  vent-hole  is  at  the  back  of  the  neck  of  the  figure,  the  air  being 
forced  through  the  vent-hole  into  the  head,  which  is  hollow.  Finger-holes 
are  in  the  front,  placed  on  each  side  of  the  arms.  No.  6 is  the  largest 
whistle  obtained  in  Manabi.  It  was  found  in  Bahia,  and  is  8 inches 
(20.3  cm.)  high.  It  is  a double  whistle  with  a single  mouth-hole  at  the 
top  of  the  head.  The  two  vent-holes  are  at  the  base  of  moderate-sized, 


80  Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

rounded,  hollow  expansions  on  the  hack  of  the  head.  It  has  no  finger- 
holes.  The  entire  figure  is  hollow.  Traces  of  dull  brick-red  paint  are  on 
the  front  of  the  figure.  A large  whistle  of  this  type  was  seen  in  Monte 
Cristi.  It  consisted  of  two  human  figures,  a man  and  a woman,  joined 
together  at  the  side  by  a band.  Each  figure  had  a double  whistle  with  a 
single  mouth-hole  and  no  finger-holes.  The  last  whistle  to  be  described 
is  No.  7,  6|  inches  (17.1  cm.)  high.  The  face  is  that  of  a monkey;  but 
the  body  is  human,  as  shown  by  the  loin-cloth.  A projection  on  the 
chest  is  broken.  The  body  is  hollow,  and  on  the  back  of  the  figure  was 
formerly  an  expansion  forming  the  mouth-piece.  The  vent-hole  is  at  the 
back  of  the  head,  and  there  are  no  finger-holes.  In  general  appearance, 
these  whistles  are  unlike  those  from  Peru,  and  may  be  considered  as  types 
of  a purely  local  culture  peculiar  to  Manabi. 

HUMAN  EIGURES.  On  Plate  LI  are  the  human  figures  or  idols. 
No.  1,  a rude  standing  figure,  has  a cylindrical  hole  in  the  top  of  the  head, 
which  extends  downward  nearly  the  length  of  the  figure.  There  is  also 
a small  perforation  in  the  front.  It  is  possibly  a whistle.  Irregular 
incised  lines  are  over  the  whole  figure.  Nos.  2 and  3 are  quite  similar  to 
a small  image  from  La  Plata  illustrated  by  Dorsey  (Plate  XOY,  op.  cit.). 
No.  3 has  traces  of  dark-red  paint,  and  a perforation  between  the  legs, 
like  the  La  Plata  specimen.  No.  4 is  the  most  interesting  image  in  the 
collection.  It  is  a seated  figure,  the  legs  being  bent  under  the  body,  and 
the  hands  placed  over  a skirt  near  the  knees.  There  is  a perforation  at 
the  top  of  the  head,  which  is  flattened.  The  entire  front  of  the  body 
is  decorated  with  incised  lines  forming  designs.  The  back  is  perfectly 
plain.  No.  5 is  the  head  and  torso  of  a figure,  but  it  is  complete.  The 
hands  are  raised,  and  placed  on  the  chest.  The  head,  which  is  flattened, 
shows  ear-ornaments  and  a peculiar  facial  decoration.  The  clay  is  black, 
and  like  that  of  Peruvian  figures ; but  the  general  features  are  quite 
different.  Nos.  6 and  7 are  the  bodies  of  larger  figures,  and  are  made  of 
coarser  clay.  They  are  of  rather  crude  workmanship.  No.  6 resembles 
quite  closely  certain  clay  figures  from  the  state  of  Oaxaca  in  southern 
Mexico.  On  the  back  is  a small  hollow  expansion,  probably  a whistle. 
No.  7 recalls  the  pottery  figures  of  Esmeraldas.  No.  8 is  the  upper  part  of 
a Avhistle,  and  represents  an  animal  with  the  fore  paws  grasping  the  mouth. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


81 


HUMAN  HEADS.  On  Plates  LIT,  LIII,  and  LIY  are  the  heads 
of  figures  or  idols,  selected  from  a considerable  number  of  specimens. 
Nos.  1 to  6 inclusive  of  Plate  LII  are  characterized  by  broad  head-bands 
identical  with  the  head-bands  before  described  on  the  foreheads  of  the 
crouching  human  figures  of  the  seats.  No.  1 has  a button-shaped  ornament 
on  each  side  of  the  forehead,  and  nose  and  ear  ornaments.  No.  2 is 
massive,  and  has  incised  lines  on  the  face.  No.  3 has  a prominent  nose, 
and  a small  bob  on  each  ear.  No.  5 shows  a nose-ornament  and  large  ears 
with  ornaments  at  the  base.  On  No.  6 the  singular  nose  is  quite  different 
in  treatment  from  any  in  the  collection.  Nos.  4 and  10  are  of  the  same 
clay,  and  have  brick-red  patches  on  the  surface,  caused  by  firing.  No.  4 
has  nose  and  ear  ornaments  and  a bead  necklace.  No.  10  has  two  rosettes 
on  the  forehead,  the  upper  one  being  on  a projecting  ridge  at  the  top  of 
the  head.  Deep,  parallel  incised  lines  run  across  the  forehead.  The  eyes 
are  large.  The  ear-ornaments  are  prominent.  No.  7 is  massive,  and  has  a 
highly  polished  surface.  Yertical  incisions  represent  the  eyebrows.  No.  8 
has  three  circular  holes  for  the  eyes.  A nose-ornament  is  shown.  The 
mouth  is  battered,  and  the  ears  are  missing.  No.  9 has  a small  knob  on 
the  forehead,  recalling  a similar  feature  common  to  Mayan  sculptures. 
The  slight  traces  of  a head-band  show  a division  in  the  middle,  like  the 
parting  of  hair.  The  eyes  and  mouth  are  well  brought  out.  Nose  and 
ear  ornaments  are  represented. 

Nos.  1 to  5 inclusive  of  Plate  LIII  are  of  the  same  general  type, 
having  deeply  incised  or  grooved  geometric  designs  over  the  forehead, 
replacing  the  plain  band.  No.  2 is  the  largest  head  of  this  class.  It  is 
4 inches  (10.2  cm.)  high,  and  hollow.  The  nose  is  battered,  but  the  eyes 
are  well  moulded,  and  the  chin  delicately  modelled.  The  ears  have  two 
openings  into  the  inside  of  the  head,  and  large  ear-discs.  This  is  a unique 
feature.  The  design  on  the  forehead  is  similar  to  the  patterns  on  the 
front  of  the  stone  seats.  The  whole  upper  part  of  the  head  is  compressed, 
like  skulls  found  in  the  graves  of  the  ancient  Aymaras  of  Bolivia,  and 
as  seen  in  Mayan  clay  figures  from  the  valley  of  the  Usumacinta  and 
along  the  coast  of  Campeche  in  Mexico.  No.  5 lias  features  quite  unlike 
those  of  the  other  heads  illustrated  on  these  plates.  While  the  other 
heads  are  flattened  at  the  back,  in  this  specimen  the  back  is  round,  as  in 
life.  The  treatment  of  the  eyes  is  noticeable.  Nos.  6 to  8 are  undoubtedly 


82  Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

faces  which  ornamented  pottery  vessels.  Heads  of  this  type  are  relatively 
abundant  in  Manabi,  being  found  on  the  surface  in  the  ruins  of  Jocay, 
back  of  Manta. 

The  head  given  in  Nos.  1 and  2 of  Plate  LIY  is  the  most  remarkable 
specimen  of  pottery  from  this  culture-area.  The  face  is  exquisitely 
modelled,  and  presents  a strikingly  lifelike  portrait  of  an  Indian  type. 
In  all  of  its  details  it  might  well  be  mistaken  for  the  face  of  a funeral 
urn  from  the  Zapotecan  region  of  Oaxaca,  Mexico.  A band  is  over  the 
forehead,  and  the  eyes  and  mouth  are  lifelike;  but.  the  most  prominent 
feature  is  the  large  aquiline  nose  with  a long  slit  in  the  septum.  Discs 
cover  the  greater  part  of  the  ears.  The  resemblance  to  Zapotecan  heads 
is  startling,  and  the  splendid  modelling  is  superior  to  anything  known 
from  Ecuador,  with  the  exception  of  pottery  figures  from  Esmeraldas. 
The  beautiful  portrait  water-bottles  with  arched  handles,  from  Peru,  are 
perhaps  as  well  made ; but  the  general  appearance  of  this  class  of  vessels 
is  typically  Peruvian,  and  indicates  no  such  cultural  connection  as  is 
suggested  by  the  similarity  to  the  above-mentioned  Mexican  urns.  Nos.  3 
and  4 are  crudely  made,  the  first  head  being  noteworthy  for  the  enormous 
nose,  and  the  large  nodes  for  eyes.  The  mouth  is  an  oval  node  with  a 
vertical  groove.  In  No.  4 the  grotesque  face  is  hardly  human,  but  the 
decoration  of  the  upper  part  of  the  head  is  unique. 

ANIMAL  HEADS.  On  Plate  LY  are  the  heads  of  animals  and 
birds  rudely  modelled,  and  they  call  for  no  special  description.  No.  4 is 
the  handle  of  a vessel,  probably  an  incense-plate,  with  a lizard  in  relief 
on  the  upper  side.  No.  5 is  probably  a puma.  No.  6 is  either  a turkey 
or  a buzzard. 


This  concludes  our  description  of  the  Manabi  collection,  but  we  defer 
a summary  of  the  results  for  the  final  report.  We  hope  to  make  excava- 
tions in  this  region  during  the  summer  of  1907,  and  to  throw  more  light  on 
the  subject  of  the  stone  sculptures  and  their  meaning.  Explorations  will 
be  carried  on  beyond  the  limits  of  Manabi,  in  the  vicinity  of  Cape  Santa 
Elena,  and  in  the  adjacent  northern  province  of  Esmeraldas. 


■ 


APPENDIX 


NOTES 


1 Tlie  geography  of  Manabi  has  been  but  little  studied,  and  the  same  may  be  said  of 
the  natural  history  and  geology  of  the  region.  Wolf,  whose  book  on  the  geography  and 
geology  of  Ecuador  is  a model  work,  was  unable  to  explore  the  interior  at  the  time  of  his 
visit  to  the  coast,  on  account  of  brigands  who  then  infested  the  province. 

The  following  works  are  the  only  ones  which  contain  any  extended  geographical 
notices  of  Manabi:  “Geografia  de  la  Eepublica  del  Ecuador,”  by  Manuel  Yillavicencio 
(pp.  481-492) ; “ Resumen  de  la  Historia  del  Ecuador,”  by  Pedro  Eermin  Cevallos  (Tomo 
YI,  pp.  202-215) ; “ Geografia  y Geologia  del  Ecuador,”  by  Theodor  Wolf.  None  of  the 
maps  of  Ecuador  are  even  approximately  accurate  in  their  details  of  Manabi. 

2 Agustin  Zarate,  “Historia  del  Descubrimiento  y Conquista  de  la  Provincia  del  Peru, 
y de  las  Guerras  y Cosas,  Sehaladas  en  Ella,  Acaecidas  hasta  el  Yencimiento  de  Gonzalo 
Pizarro  y de  sus  Secuaces,  que  en  Ella  se  Rebelaron  contra  su  Majestad.”  (See  p.  119.) 

3 Francisco  de  Xerez,  “Yerdadera  Relacion  de  la  Conquista  del  Peru.”  The  first 
edition  was  published  in  1554.  Xerez,  or,  as  it  is  sometimes  spelled,  Jerez,  accompanied 
Pizarro  as  secretary  on  his  fourth  expedition  from  Panama.  What  he  writes  about 
Manabi  is  here  given. 

“ El  navio  que  fue  a descubrir  volvio  a cabo  de  sententa  dias  al  rio  de  San  Juan, 
adonde  el  capitan  Pizarro  quedo  con  la  gente ; y dio  relacion  de  lo  que  le  habia  sucedido, 
y fue,  que  llego  hasta  el  pueblo  de  Cancebi,  que  es  en  aquella  costa,  y antes  deste  pueblo 
habian  visto,  los  que  en  el  navio  iban,  otras  poblaciones  muy  ricas  de  oro  y plata,  y la 
gente  de  mas  razon  que  toda  la  que  antes  habian  visto  de  indios;  y trujeron  seis  personas 
para  que  deprendiesen  la  lengua  de  los  espanoles,  y trujeron  oro  y plata  y ropa  . . . 
y caminaron  hasta  llegar  a un  gran  pueblo  que  se  dice  Coaque,  al  cual  saltearon  porque  no 
se  alzase  como  los  otros  pueblos;  y alii  tomaron  quince  mil  pesos  de  oro  y mil  y quinientos 
marcos  de  plata  y muchas  piedras  de  esmeraldas,  que  por  el  presente  no  fueron  conoscido, 
ni  tenidas  por  piedras  de  valor;  por  esta  causa  los  espanoles  las  daban  y rescataban  con 
los  indios  por  ropa  y otras  cosas  que  los  indios  les  daban  por  ellas.  Y en  este  pueblo 
prendieron  al  cacique  seiior  del,  con  alguna  gente  suya,  y hallaron  mucha  ropa  de  diversas 
maneras,  y muchos  mantenimientos,  en  que  habia  para  mantenerse  los  espanoles  tres  6 
cuatro  aiios.”  — Pp.  321,  322. 

4 D.  Fernando  Montesinos,  “Memorias  Antiguas  Historiales  y Politicas  del  Peru.” 
Edited  by  Marcos  Jimenez  de  la  Espada,  and  published  in  the  “ Coleccion  de  Libros 
Espanoles  Raros  o Curiosos,”  Tom.  16.  Madrid,  1882. 

Montesinos  gives  but  little  relating  to  Manabi ; but  some  very  interesting  information 
is  translated  from  his  work,  and  will  be  found  in  Note  16. 

5  “ 2*  PARTE  DE  LA  DESCRIPCION  DE  GUAYAQUIL  EN  QUE  SE  TRATA 
DE  LA  CIUDAD  DE  PUERTO  YIEJO  Y SU  DISTRITO 

“La  ciudad  se  llama  San  Gregorio  de  Puerto  Yiejo. 

“ Esta  en  un  llano  fundada  en  quadro,  con  quatro  calles  y una  plaza  en  medio : tiene 
treinta  y dos  casas  y no  tiene  arrabales. 


86 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

“ Dista  de  Guayaquil  quarenta  leguas de  Quito,  ciento ; de  la  ciudad  de  los  Eeyes 
trescientas : tiene  al  Levante  a Quito ; al  Poniente  al  mar  del  Sur,  de  que  dista  seis  6 siete 
leguas;  al  Norte  a Guayaquil,  esta  catorce  6 quince  leguas  al  Sur  del  cabo  de  Pasao,  que 
es  por  donde  pasa  la  equinoctial,  asi  que  esta  en  menos  de  un  grado  de  latitud. 

“ Su  termino  es  de  tierra  montosa,  que  comienzan  los  montes  desde  la  misma  ciudad. 
Hay  algunos  valles  llanos,  a que  llaman  sabanas,  en  que  pastan  los  ganados. 

“ Su  temperamento  es  caliente,  mayormente  en  el  invierno,  que  es  luimedo,  con  nieblas  y 
exhalaciones  y bocborno  perpetuo:  el  verano  es  menos  caloroso,  porque  corren  aires  frescos. 

“ La  tierra  es  fertil  de  suyo,  pero  infructifera  por  la  sequedad : no  bay  rios,  fuentes, 
ni  P090S  y as!  ni  buertas,  ni  jardines  dentro  ni  fuera  de  la  ciudad:  tambien  faltan  molinos 
por  esto,  y porque  no  bay  trigo  para  moler.  Los  inviernos  son  cortos,  que  no  duran  mas 
de  tres  6 hasta  quatro  meses : faltan  las  lluvias  a el  mejor  tiempo  y las  sementeras  no 
llegan  a fruto : sera  la  tierra  que  se  siembra  y lleva  fruto  basta  veinte  leguas,  la  demas  es 
esteril. 

“ Un  rio  sin  nombre  propio  (llamanle  el  rio  de  Puerto  Viejo)  pasa  pegado  a la  ciudad : 
corre  veintiseis  leguas  desde  su  principio,  veinte  hasta  Puerto  Viejo,  y seis  hasta  entrar 
en  el  mar  del  Sur : procede  de  manantiales  el  verano,  y de  ordinario  lleva  poca  agua  y 
corre  recogido : algunos  veranos  se  seca  del  todo  y mueren  de  sed  los  ganados  y los  ani- 
mates silvestres : dicen  que  entonces  corre  por  debajo  la  tierra  y abren  po§os  (en  la  madre 
con  que  pasan  la  gente  y los  caballos) ; el  invierno,  que  es  por  Mayo,  va  crecido  y bana 
todo  el  valle:  estas  crecientes  no  son  de  daiio  cosa  ninguna  y traen  mucho  provecbo, 
porque  en  lo  que  estuvo  cubierto  y quedo  humedecido,  siembran  legumbres  el  verano,  y d4 
fruto  dos  veces. 

“No  tiene  puente  este  rio:  dicen  que  le  tuvo  un  tiempo:  el  invierno  se  pasa  con  una 
balsa,  a que  llaman  barbacoa,  con  una  maroma  como  por  barca;  pasa  muy  bien  en  ella 
gente  y ropa. 

“Dos  leguas  de  la  ciudad  entra  en  este  otro  rio  (6  arroyo);  corre  de  Oriente  a 
Poniente  por  un  valle  que  llaman  Pinpaguasi,  en  donde  dicen  vinieron  otro  tiempo  mucbos 
indios,  y que  agora  habr4  hasta  veinte  no  m4s. 

“ Seis  leguas  de  la  ciudad  esta  un  puerto  que  llaman  de  Manta;  no  es  puerto  cerrado, 
sino  costa  abierta,  y le  bacen  dano  principalmente  dos  vientos,  el  Norte  y el  Sur,  y toda 
aquella  costa  en  general  es  mar  de  tumbo,  sino  es  en  algunas  caletas  que  bay,  pero  es 
hondo,  que  llega  un  navio  de  quatrocientas  toneladas  A una  octava  de  legua  de  la  tierra,  y 
los  menores  se  acercan  mucho  mas.  Tiene  el  puerto  algunas  lajas  en  que  se  ban  perdido 
navios:  el  viento  que  mas  generalmente  sopla  es  el  Sur;  brisas  alcanzan  dos  6 tres  meses 
del  ano,  comen^ando  por  Enero : con  el  Sur  entran  a popa  los  que  vienen  de  Lima  y los  de 
Panama  con  el  Nordeste  y Norte. 

“ Los  arboles  silvestres  que  la  tierra  produce  y cria  de  suyo,  son  algarrobos,  morales, 
caimitos,  pincaes,  palosanto,  sauces,  laureles,  guabos,  guanavanos,  cere§os,  hobos,  ciruelos. 
Los  algarrobos  y morales,  se  llaman  asi  por  semejanza  4 los  arboles,  que  con  estos  nombres 
son  conocidos  en  Espaiia.  La  fruta  del  algarrobo  es  menos  dulce  y diferente  que  la  de  aca : 
sirve  de  pasto  a toda  suerte  de  ganados:  el  moral  lleva  un  fruto  bianco  y dulce,  menor  que 
nuestras  moras.  La  fruta  del  caimito  es  semejante  4 las  manzanas  y suave  al  gusto: 
baylos  blancos  y negros.  El  juncal  da  unas  como  uvas  negras,  que  parecen  a las  de  los 
palmitos,  y tienen  dentro  un  huesezuelo  tierno;  comenlas  los  indios:  los  puercos  engordan 
con  ellas  como  con  bellota:  al  palo  santo  llaman  asi  por  los  remedios  que  del  se  toman 
para  las  enfermedades : sacase  del  una  resina  que  bace  las  veces  y provecbos  de  la 
terementina;  cura  enfermedades  y dolores  que  proceden  de  frio:  ella  y el  agua  en  que  se 


87 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Mcmabi,  Ecuador 

cuece  la  raiz  y el  palo,  sana  los  catarros:  tambien  sirve  la  resina  por  encienso  para 
perfumes.  La  fruta  del  guabo  es  muy  larga,  como  de  una  vara,  y tiene  dentro  unos  como 
copos  de  algodon  blancos  y suayes.  Las  guanabanas,  frutas  del  arbol  llamado  asi,  son 
mayores  que  grandes  pifias  y tan  grandes  como  melones ; verdes  en  la  corteza,  y lo  interior 
bianco:  el  gusto  es  entre  agrio  y dulce:  el  cerezo  da  un  fruto  encarnado  y bianco,  y 
del  tamano  de  una  avellana:  es  de  buen  gusto,  pero  muy  danoso:  el  que  llaman  ciruelo,  es 
arbol  grande;  dicen  que  como  un  naranjo:  la  fruta  encarnada  del  tamano  de  una  castaiia 
es  suave  y dulce  con  exceso.  La  fruta  del  bobo  es  amarilla  y de  suave  olor;  su  gusto 
entre  dulce  y agro;  es  danosa  4 la  salud.  Los  laureles  no  llevan  fruto  ni  los  sauces:  estos 
sirven  de  madera  para  hacer  canoas  y maderar  casas.  De  todas  estas  frutas  silvestres 
gozan  los  naturales  y los  ganados  sin  ninguna  proliibicion:  lleva  bien  la  tierra  algunas 
frutas  de  Espana,  uvas,  bigos,  membrillos,  granadas,  naranjas,  limas,  limones,  cidras:  todas 
en  poca  cantidad  por  falta  del  riego ; no  bay  villas,  mas  de  algunos  parrales.  Las  frutas 
mansas  de  la  tierra  bay  en  mayor  abundancia  platanos,  aguacates,  pinas,  sapotes,  anonas, 
papayas,  nisperas,  guayavas,  ciruelas  de  dos  generos,  unas  que  llaman  de  Nicaragua  y 
otras  de  la  tierra. 

“ De  las  bortalizas  de  Espana  hay  lechugas,  rabanos,  zanaborias,  coles,  cebollas, 
melones,  pepinos,  calabazas,  peregil,  yerbabuena,  culantro. 

“ Las  semillas  ordinarias  en  esta  tierra  son  maiz,  babas,  frisoles,  mani,  giquimas,  agi; 
siembranse  en  rogas,  al  modo  dicho  en  lo  de  Gyayaquil. 

11  El  maiz  se  d4  tambien,  que  se  sustentan  algunas  casas  en  Puerto  Viejo  con  sola  una 
ro§a  de  dos  almudes  de  sembradura,  porque  en  los  anos  muy  lluviosos  acude  a doscientas 
cincuenta  y trescientas  banegas  por  una  de  sembradura  y a ciento  cincuenta  cuando  el 
aiio  no  es  acertado.  Las  babas  y frisoles  acuden  de  setenta  4 cien  banegas : y el  mani  de 
ocbenta  basta  cien  por  una.  En  las  relaciones  afirma  un  testigo  que  acuden  el  mani  4 
doscientas  ocbenta  y 4 trescientas  banegas : con  toda  esta  fecundidad  de  la  tierra,  so  cogen 
de  ordinario  pocos  frutos  por  la  falta  de  aguas  y poca  labor:  quando  los  auos  son  lluviosos 
y se  coge  mucbo,  se  saca  para  Tierra  Firme,  y llega  4 venderse  en  el  puerto  de  Manta  el 
maiz  4 nueve  6 4 diez  reales : las  babas  y frisoles  de  Castilla  4 veinte  y 4 veinticuatro 
reales,  y el  mani  4 dos  pesos  : el  precio  ordinario  del  maiz  4 la  cosecba  suele  ser  4 quatro 
6 cinco  reales  la  banega. 

u Trigo  no  se  coge,  ni  vino  ni  aceite ; pero  h4se  esperimentado  que  la  tierra  lleva  bien 
estas  cosas : s^canse  y no  perseveran  por  falta  de  agua  con  que  regar  las  vinas  y olivares, 
que  las  lluvias,  siendo  tan  pocas,  no  bastan  para  sustentar  estos  4rboles,  y el  trigo  no  llega 
4 granar  porque  le  faltan  las  aguas  al  mejor  tiempo.  Advierten  los  vecinos  que  se  puede 
hacer  una  presa  en  el  rio  para  regar  las  sementeras  en  falta  de  lluvias,  y que  con  esto  se 
cogeria  mucbo  trigo  y todo  genero  de  frutos  de  Castilla  que  seria  de  grande  importancia  4 
la  tierra,  y se  le  acrecentaria  la  contratacion  con  las  ciudades  del  Pirn. 

u Los  animales  que  bay  de  caza  son  venados,  menores  que  los  de  Espana,  y corcetes 
de  montana  pardos  y bermejos  que  llaman  cervicabras ; puercos  de  manada  como  los 
javalies  de  Espana  y otros  §ahinos  y m4e  pequenos,  que  tienen  el  ombligo  en  el  espinago: 
tambien  bay  conejos. 

u Animales  fieros,  bay  leones,  pardos  y bermejos,  tigres,  osos  hormigueros,  9orras, 
armadillos,  ardillas,  micos  de  diferentes  maneras. 

u Los  armadillos  los  comen  los  naturales,  y no  es  mala  carne.  El  venado  y conejo, 
leon  y tigre,  son  como  los  conocidos  ac4. 

u Las  aves  que  bay  de  la  tierra  son  pavas  de  dos  generos,  unas  que  llaman  pangies, 
que  tienen  una  corona  de  pluma  en  la  cabeza  : los  machos  son  negros  y las  bembras  ber- 


88 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

mejas.  A las  otras  llaman  graznadoras;  son  menores  y de  buena  carne.  Hay  patos 
silvestres,  palomas  torca§es,  tortolas,  balcones,  gavilanes,  faisanes  y perdices  mayores  y 
menores : las  mayores  son  del  tamano  de  una  pollaronca  (que  es  cercana  4 poner) ; las 
menores  son  como  las  de  Espana  y tambien  son  como  las  de  aca  las  palomas,  tortolas  y 
patos.  Hay  papagayos,  periquitos,  guacamayas,  y otros  gdneros  di versos  de  pfijaros  muy 
galanos  y vistosos  de  pluma,  y de  canto  suave. 

“En  el  rio  se  crian  camarones  y unos  pesoecillos  que  llaman  sardinillas  y mojarras. 

“Hay  mucbas  viboras  u muy  daiiosas,  y un  genero  de  culebras  muy  ponzonosas: 
llamanles  sangas;  son  de  una  vara  de  largor,  y tienen  ocho  colmillos  muy  agudos:  luego 
como  pican  a hombre  6 a animal  le  privan  de  sentidos  y le  revienta  sangre  por  los  oidos, 
boca  y ojos,  y por  las  unas  de  las  manos  y de  los  pies;  los  picados  duran  seis  boras  y 
algunos  menos  tiempo,  y los  que  mas  basta  veinticuatro  boras,  porque  la  picadura 
generalmente  es  incurable:  sanan  algunos  siendo  socorridos  luego  al  punto,  sajando  la 
mordedura  y poniendole  encima  tabaco  majado,  y dando  a beber  al  paciente  el  zumo  de  la 
misma  yerba.  Hay  tambien  alacranes  y unas  avispas  negras,  cuya  picadura  causa 
bincbazon  y grandes  calenturas.  Es  muy  digna  de  consideracion  la  bistoria  de  este 
animalejo  pon§oiioso  para  la  declaracion  literal  de  la  historia  sagrada  en  quatro  lugares  de 
la  Escritura,1  donde  se  dice  que  expelio  Dios  los  indignos  y injustos  moradores  de  la  tierra 
de  promision,  enviando  delante  de  los  liijos  de  Israel  cabrones  6 vespas,  que  picasen  y 
abuyentasen  a los  enemigos  del  pueblo  de  Dios;  los  quales  vocablos  latinos  que  tradujo  la 
version  vulgata,  y los  que  le  responden  en  los  originales  bebreos  y griegos,  significan  este 
animalejo  que  conocemos  y llamamos  avispa;  y algunos  interpretes,  particularmente  San 
Agustin,  dudaron  si  se  babia  de  entender  en  aquellos  lugares  a la  letra  en  significacion 
propia,  6 si  se  significaba  por  translacion  con  este  vocablo  la  fama  y rumor  de  los  milagros 
espantosos  de  Dios,  y numero  y valentia  de  los  israelitas,  que  precedio  volando  como 
avispa,  y picando  y acobardando  los  animos  de  los  cananeos,  j>ara  que  fuesen  faciles  de 
combatir  y de  veneer : ello  de  suyo  es  lo  mas  cierto  interpretar  las  promesas  y historias 
divinas  en  propia  significacion:  y este  relacion  confirma  que  de  aquellos  desiertos  de 
Arabia,  sacaria  Dios  un  grande  exercito  de  avispas  venenosas,  que  le  sirvieron  de  caballos 
ligeros  en  aquella  empresa;  como  suele  Dios  usar  de  ministerio  de  cosas  muy  viles  y 
pequenas  para  derribar  las  pomposas  y grandes  del  mundo,  y es  muy  propio  de  las  tierras 
desiertas  y secas  producir  y criar  copia  y diversidad  de  sabandijas  y animalejos  venenosos, 
como  se  esperimenta  en  mueba  parte  de  Africa  y en  estas  regiones  de  que  vamos  tratando. 

“ Parece  baber  sido  antiguamente  la  tierra  rica  de  oro  y de  esmeraldas,  porque  quando 
se  descubrio  se  ballaron  mucbas  y muy  finas,  y oro  en  poder  de  los  indios,  de  lo  qual  no  ba 
quedado  cosa,  y la  tierra  es  pobrisima  de  oro  y plata,  porque  no  bay  mina  descubierta  de 
ningun  metal,  pero  entiendese  que  hay  minas  en  la  provincia  de  las  esmeraldas,  y tambien 
en  el  camino  real  que  va  a Guayaquil  que  llaman  Colines  y Mancbal,  termino  de  Puerto 
Yiejo,  tierra  que  solia  estar  poblada  de  muchos  indios.  Afirman  los  que  tienen  conocimi- 
ento  destas  cosas,  que  la  tierra  d4  muestras  de  minas  de  oro,  y bay  grande  fama  de 
que  los  indios  las  tuvieron  alii  muy  ricas,  de  donde  sacaron  el  oro  que  se  hallo  en  su  poder 
el  tiempo  del  descubrimiento.  Despues  cuentan  que  un  cacique  de  Apechinche  que  dio  en 
presente  un  gran  pedazo  de  oro  en  forma  de  tabla,  cortado  al  parecer  de  otro  mayor,  a 
Francisco  Flores  Megia,  para  que  biciese  joyas  a su  muger  quando  se  caso:  quieren  decir 
que  aquel  indio  tenia  una  tabla  de  oro  sobre  que  ponia  como  tarirna  un  trono  del  mismo 
metal  para  sentarse  en  ciertos  sacrificios  y solemnidades  que  tenian  entre  aiio. 


1 Exod.  23  — Deut.  7 — Iosue  24  — Sap.  12. 


89 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 

uJEn  lo  moral 

“La  ciudad  de  Puerto  Viejo  aflrman  haber  sido  la  segunda  que  se  fundo  en  aquel  reino, 
porque  la  primera  fue  Piura : fundose  en  tiempo  de  los  Reyes  Catolicos  Don  Fernando  y 
Dona  Isabel  por  orden  del  marques  Don  Francisco  Pizarro,  y dicen  que  se  fundo  de  tres 
veces,  la  primera  tres  leguas  el  rio  arriba,  y la  segunda  una  mils  abajo  de  donde  agor  aest&. 

“ Sus  primeros  conquistadores  y fundadores  fueron,  Nicolas  de  Villacorta,  Hernando 
Ag°.  Holguin,  Enrique  Rodriguez,  Cristobal  de  Brirgos. 

“ Dicese  que  tenia  escudo  de  armas  particulares,  pero  que  no  hay  noticia  de  qudles 
fuesen,  y que  todas  las  antigiiedades  desta  ciudad  se  han  olvidado,  por  haberse  quemado 
su  archivo  mas  ha  de  quarenta  anos. 

“ S.  M.  le  llama  ciudad  en  sus  cMulas  y provisiones,  y solia  ser  cabeza  de  todo  el 
partido : ha  venido  a mucha  diminucion  y desestimacion,  de  suerte  que  por  desprecio  le 
llaman  la  Culata,  como  a inflma  y postrera. 

“ Tiene  de  distrito  veintiocho  leguas  : catorce  al  Norte  hasta  el  cabo  de  Pasao,  y otras 
tantas  al  Sur  hasta  el  rio  de  Prosel. 

“Las  casas  son  humildes  y viles,  hechas  de  cahas  y barro,  y quando  mas  de  alguna 
madera,  juntamente  cubiertas  de  paja ; dicen  que  usan  edificar  bajo  para  seguridad  de  los 
temblores  de  tierra,  que  los  solian  padescer  a menudo : la  principal  causa  es  la  pobreza ; 
tienen  en  la  plaza  unas  casas  de  cabildo. 

“ Los  vecinos  que  hay  en  la  ciudad  son  espauoles : casados,  diez ; criollos  casados, 
quince ; solteros  espaholes,  tres ; criollos,  diez  y siete ; tienen  hijos  varones,  treinta  y siete 
hijas,  treinta  y tres ; esclavos,  treinta  y tres ; esclavas,  catorce ; viudas  pobres,  hay  seis ; 
espauoles  viandantes,  tres. 

“Los  pueblos  de  indios  del  distrito  de  Puerto  Viejo  son  Catarama,  Charapota,  Manta, 
Jipijapa,  Picuaza.  Otros  pueblos  mas  que  estos  se  hallaron  en  la  tierra  : todos  tenian  los 
nombres  de  sus  caciques  como  Peonce,  Apechingiie ; agora  estan  reducidos  en  estos  y se 
llaman  parcialidades  : distan  estos  pueblos  unos  de  otros  a ocho  y A nueve  leguas. 

“ Hay  diez  encomenderos  que  dicen  son,  al  tiempo  de  la  descripcion,  los  ocho  varones,  y 
dos  mugeres,  y que  asistian  estas  dos  y cinco  varones;  parece  que  las  encomiendas  son  doce, 
las  tres  de  primera  vida,  y las  nueve  de  segunda,  pero  que  tienen  algunos  dos  encomiendas. 

“Cargas  de  los  encomenderos  son  tener  armas  que  se  entiende  de  caballo  y lanza, 
espada  y daga  y escopeta,  pagar  dotrina  y diezmo  y cierta  parte  al  corregidor,  como  por 
ejemplo,  al  del  puerto  de  Manta  le  rentan  sus  indios  cada  ano  nuevecientos  sesenta  y tres 
reales  y medio ; paga  al  dotrinero  cuarenta  y seis  pesos  y seis  reales,  treinta  y ocho  gallinas 
y nueve  arrobas  y media  de  pescado  al  corregidor ; nueve  pesos  de  diezmos.  No  tienen 
carga  de  lanzas  los  encomenderos  ni  hay  encomienda  que  sea  del  Rey. 

“Los  encomenderos  que  al  tiempo  desta  descripcion  poseian  las  encomiendas,  las 
calidades  y valor  de  encomiendas  son  desta  manera : 

“ Bartolome  Perez  de  Burgos  tiene  treinta  y siete  indios  tributaries  de  segunda  vida : 
rentanle  dos  mil  setecientos  treinta  y ocho  reales. 

“ Juan  de  Avila  Prieto  tiene  en  segunda  vida  en  el  puerto  de  Manta  diez  y nueve 
indios  tributaries : rentan  nuevecientos  sesenta  y tres  reales  y medio. 

“ Cristobal  de  Burgos  tiene  en  segunda  vida  una  encomienda  cuyos  indios  no  estan 
tasados : al  sacerdote,  no  le  pagan  mas  tributo  que  hacerle  una  roga  de  m aiz  de  que  paga 
al  dotrinero. 

“ Ag°.  Briceho  tiene  dos  encomiendas,  una  en  segunda  vida  de  cuarenta  indios  tribu- 
taries, que  son  gibros  de  montafia ; otra  en  primera  vida  de  veintinueve  indios  tributaries 
de  tasa  ordinaria ; declara  que  pagado  dotrinero  y corregidor,  le  valen  ambas  cien  pesos. 


90 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 


“ D.  Francisco  Toliaya,  indio,  tiene  en  el  pueblo  del  Valle,  en  la  reduccion  de  Catarama, 
en  priinera  vida  ocho  indios  tributaries : este  no  tiene  armas  por  la  pequeiiez  de  la  encomi- 
enda  y por  su  pobrega. 

“Dona  Maria  de  Figueroa  Manjarres,  tiene  dos  encomiendas  en  segunda  vida;  la  una 
de  treinta  y la  otra  de  veintinueve  indios  ordinarios  de  tasa  ordinaria. 

“ Leonor  de  Eobles  tiene  en  segunda  vida  unos  indios  que  por  ser  nuevamente  con- 
vertidos,  no  estan  tasados ; trajolos  de  paz  de  las  montafias  su  padre  desta  encomendera,  y 
es  el  numero  dellos  treinta  casados,  diez  y seis  solteros,  veintidos  indias  solteras,  yeintidos 
mucbacbos  y indias.  No  le  pagan  mas  tributo  que  hacerle  una  ro$a  como  lo  permite  la 
cedula,  de  que  paga  al  dotrinero : estos  siete  son  los  encomenderos  que  asisten. 

“ Los  indios  desta  tierra,  no  convenian  en  una  lengua  general  y comun  a todos : cada 
pueblo  liablaba  la  suya  diferente,  lo  cual  era  causa  de  discordia  y guerras  entre  ellos : los 
indios  marltimos  se  entienden  todos  entre  si,  aunque  la  lengua  que  usan  no  es  . . . 1 dlcese 
que  conocian  y distinguian  los  dias  de  la  semana  con  nombres  particulares,  y que  tenian  al 
domingo  por  el  mas  solemne,  y le  llamaban  Tepipichinche,  y que  4 sus  liijos  ponian  nombre 
del  dia  en  que  nacian. 

“ El  conocer  semana,  es  rastro  de  la  fe  de  la  creacion,  y el  celebrar  el  domingo,  senas 
de  que  les  liabia  alcanzado  algun  tiempo  luz  6 vislumbre  de  la  redencion.  Agora  la  lengua 
comun  destos  indios  es  la  castellana.  Todos  son  muy  espaiiolados  y muclios  saben  leer  y 
escribir,  y en  cada  lugar  hay  algunos  que  cantan  diestramente  canto  de  organo  y ofician 
las  misas  en  las  iglesias. 

“ Quando  se  descubrio  la  tierra  se  hallo  mucho  mayor  numero  de  indios : hanlos 
gastado  las  pestes  y las  esterilidades  y hambres:  pareceles  4 los  testigos  que  declaran 
estas  relaciones,  que  habra  agora  unos  dicen  hasta  quinientos  y otros  hasta  quatrocientos 
tributaries : los  que  parece  que  hay  en  los  pueblos  de  la  jurisdicion  de  Puerto  Viejo,  por  el 
padron  que  se  hizo  por  mandado  del  Consejo  el  aiio  de  1605,  son: 

“ Tributarios,  trescientos  cincuenta  y ocho ; reservados,  ciento  diez  y seis ; muchachos 
libres  de  tributo  por  la  edad,  doscientos  sesenta  y seis;  muchachas,  doscientas  vein- 
titres : son  casados,  cuatrocientas  veinticuatro : hay  mugeres  viudas  y solteras,  sententa  y 
cuatro. 

“Este  numero  de  indios  se  halla  en  sus  lugares  y parcialidades  en  la  manera 
siguiente : 


En  Catarama , 5 parcialidades 


Indios  de 
Catarama 


Catarama:  tributarios,  16;  reservados,  4;  casados,  18;  viudos,  3;  niiios,  16; 
ninas,  16  ........... 


1 


Conchichigua:  tributarios,  4;  reservados,  1;  casados,  5;  viudos,  2;  niiios,  7; 
ninas,  5 ........... 


2 


Coalle:  tributarios,  7;  reservados,  1;  casados,  8;  viudos,  1;  niiios,  6; 
ninas,  7 ........... 


3 


Pantagua:  tributarios,  2;  reservados,  1;  casados,  3;  viudos,  1;  niiios,  3; 
ninas,  4 ........... 


4 


Chondana:  tributarios,  3;  reservados,  1;  casados,  4;  viudos,  2;  niiios,  4; 
ninas,  2 ........... 


5 


i Eat  a borrado  en  el  original. 


Saville : Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador  91 

En  Charapoto , 4 parcialidades  charapoto 

Charapoto:  tributaries,  12;  reservados,  5;  casados,  12;  viudos,  2;  ninos,  7; 

y ninas,  3 ...........  1 

Concbipa:  tributaries,  17;  reservados,  10;  casados,  24;  viudos,  4;  niuos, 

18;  ninas,  14  ...........  2 

Tosagua:  tributaries,  27;  reservados,  8;  casados,  32;  viudos,  2;  niuos  17; 
ninas,  14  ...........  3 

Pasao:  tributarios,  17;  reservados,  4;  casados,  19;  viudos,  4;  niuos,  19; 

ninas,  9 ............  4 

En  Manta,  4 parcialidades  IMantad® 

Manta:  tributarios,  18;  reservados,  9;  casados,  26;  viudos,  6;  niuos,  15; 

ninas,  28  ...........  1 

Jaramito:  tributarios,  6;  reservados,  3;  casados,  7;  viudos,  1;  niuos,  4; 

y ninas,  ...........  2 

Levique:  tributarios,  8; -reservados,  3;  casados,  8;  viudos,  1;  ninos,  10; 

ninas,  5 ............  3 

Capil:  tributarios,  3;  reservados,  4;  casados,  7;  viudos,  1;  ninos,  1; 

ninas,  6 ............  4 

En  Jipijapa , 8 parcialidades  ipM?9  d« 

Jipijapa 

Pipai:  tributarios,  26;  reservados,  8;  casados,  33;  viudos,  3;  ninos,  20; 

ninas,  24  ...........  1 

Jipijapa  la  baja:  tributarios,  23;  reservados,  6;  casados,  27;  viudos,  4; 

ninos,  12 ; ninas,  17  .........  2 

Apelope:  tributarios,  27;  reservados,  1;  casados,  32;  viudos.  2;  nifios,  22; 

ninas,  16  ...........  3 

Apechingue:  tributarios,  15;  reservados,  4;  casados,  18;  viudos,  2;  ninos, 

21;  ninas,  9 ...........  4 

Sanchan:  tributarios,  9;  reservados,  5;  casados,  12;  viudos,  5;  ninos,  7; 

ninas,  5 ............  5 

La  Alta:  tributarios,  15;  reservados,  9;  casados,  24;  viudos,  1;  solteros, 

5;  ninos,  11;  ninas,  11  .........  6 

Pillasagua:  tributarios,  7;  reservados,  4;  casados,  11;  viudos,  4;  niuos,  3; 
ninas,  3 ............  7 

Picalauseme:  tributarios,  1;  reservados,  4;  casados,  3;  ninos,  4;  ninas,  1 . 8 

En  Picuazia , 3 parcialidades  indiosde 

Tokalla:  tributarios,  8;  reservados,  13;  casados,  78;  viudos,  16;  ninos,  63; 

ninas,  42  ...........  1 

Misbay:  tributarios,  15;  reservados,  4;  casados,  12;  ninos,  3;  ninas,  2 . 2 


Solongo  : esta  parcialidad  no  tiene  mas  que  un  cacique,  casado  y sin  hijos, 
y un  tributario,  viudo  sin  hijos;  debese  advertir  que  a este  niimero  se 
ha  reducido  todo  un  pueblo  por  la  tasacion  ultima  que  hizo  la  Audien- 
eia  de  Quito  en  7 de  Setiembre  de  1584. 

“Paga  cada  indio  tributario  veintidos  reales  y una  manta  de  algodon,  que  Hainan  Iona, 
de  a doce  varas,  que  se  vende  por  quatro  pesos,  y una  hanega  de  maiz  que  vale  quatro 
reales,  y dos  aves  de  Castilla,  hembra  y macho  que  valen  & dos  reales ; de  rnanera,  que 
vale  todo  setenta  y cuatro  reales. 


92 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

“ Los  indios  del  puerto  de  Manta  pagan  cada  ano  tres  pesos  de  plata  ensayada,  que 
son  de  a cuatrocientos  cincuenta  maravedises:  dos  arrobas  de  pescado  seco,  que  valen  ocho 
reales ; un  gallo  que  vale  un  real  y una  gallina  que  vale  dos,  que  viene  a ser  cincuenta 
reales  y veinticuatro  maravedis.  Los  indios  recien  convertidos  son  libres  de  tributo,  mas 
de  que  suelen  hacer  una  roga  !i  su  encomendero  para  pagar  la  dotrina.  Estos  son  los  que 
por  persuasion  de  los  espanoles  se  han  bajado  de  las  montaiias  y poblado  en  lo  llano,  que 
los  Hainan  gibaros  montaiieses. 

“ Los  vecinos  de  la  ciudad  por  la  mayor  parte  son  pobres ; los  encomenderos  por  la 
mayor  parte  no  tienen  mas  bacienda  que  la  renta  de  sus  encomiendas : alguno  demas  desto 
llega  a tener  mil  pesos : los  que  pasan  bien,  tienen  huertas  y estancias  de  ganado  de 
cincuenta  6 basta  cien  vacas,  6 liasta  doscientas,  y tambien  tienen  estancias  de  puercos  y de 
ovejas  y cabras  y algunos  esclavos  : la  bacienda  de  los  pobres  que  pasan  mal,  es  una  mala 
casa  y basta  veinte  puercos : los  mas  son  del  todo  pobres,  soldados  sin  ninguna  bacienda, 
viven  comunmente  los  de  la  ciudad  de  labranza  de  maiz  y legumbres,  y de  poco  tiempo 
bacen  sementeras  de  tabaco  por  grangeria.  Xo  bay  mercaderes  sino  los  que  vienen  de  fuera: 
suele  traerse  a vender  ropa  de  la  tierra,  sayales,  gergas,  fre9adas,  pauos  y mantas  y algodon: 
bay  en  la  ciudad  un  carpintero,  un  sastre,  dos  zapateros ; no  bay  curtidores  ni  tenerias, 
mas  de  que  los  zapateros  curten  badanas  de  venados,  que  vale  cada  una  seis  u ocbo  reales : 
destas  bacen  botas  y zapatos : bacese  un  poco  de  jabon  de  sebo  y de  manteca  basta  en 
cantidad  de  cincuenta  quintales  cada  ano  y vale  el  quintal  a doce  6 a catorce  reales. 

“ Hay  un  trapicbe  solo  de  azucar  que  lo  trae  un  caballo  y es  de  un  particular  que 
ocupa  en  el  cinco  esclavos:  no  labra  el  azucar  en  pilones,  sino  solamente  saca  la  miel 
de  las  canas : hace  cada  ano  basta  cien  botijas. 

“Todos  los  indios  desta  tierra  generalmente  tienen  caballos  que  alquilan  a los  pasa- 
geros : el  indio  que  menos,  tiene  dos  caballos ; tambien  hacen  sementeras  de  que  cogen,  no 
solo  para  sustento,  sino  para  vender  d los  indios  de  la  costa,  d donde  van  a traer  pescado 
para  revender ; tambien  venden  gallinas  y otros  mantenimientos  d los  pasageros. 

“ Hay  entre  los  indios  algunos  oficiales,  zapateros,  sastres  y carpinteros  y viven  de 
sus  oficios. 

“ Labran  alguna  poca  ropa  de  algodon  para  sus  vestidos  y para  pagar  los  tributos ; 
para  esto  siembran  el  algodon  que  ban  menester : no  se  siembra  lino  ni  canamo. 

“ Alguna  poca  de  pita  suelen  labrar  cada  uno  para  sus  labores : tienen  tambien 
algunos  ganados. 

“Los  del  puerto  de  Manta  viven  de  pesquerias  y de  dar  avio  a los  navios  con  sus 
balsas,  pero  los  espanoles  no  usan  pescar  para  grangeria.  Demas  de  las  aramdas  de  S.  M. 
que  tocan  en  aquel  puerto  para  tomar  refresco,  entran  en  el  por  ano  basta  diez  6 doce 
navios,  algunos  de  quatrocientas  toneladas,  y otros  de  a doscientas  cincuenta  y navios 
mercantes  de  porte  de  ciento  cincuenta  toneladas  y otros  de  ciento,  y otros  barcos  de  aviso 
y de  trato ; los  navios  que  pasan  por  aqui  para  Panama,  de  los  valles  de  Trugillo  y de 
Lima,  llevan  barina,  azucar,  miel,  conservas,  manteca,  babas,  garbanzos,  y otras  cosas  para 
sustento  de  Tierra  Firme : los  que  suben  de  Panama  al  Pini  llevan  ropa  de  Castilla  de  la 
que  viene  en  las  flotas;  de  camino,  so  provee  Puerto  Viejo  de  las  cosas  que  ba  menester,  y 
no  bay  adu  ana,  por  ser  todo  lo  que  llega  alii  de  paso  y no  venir  su  derecbo  descargo  aquel 
puerto.  No  se  labran  navios;  no  bay  apar  ejo  para  ello:  ldbrase  jarcia  de  cabuya  para 
vender  a los  navios  que  pasan. 

“ Sal  se  saca  en  el  puerto  de  Manta  de  unos  po§os  6 boyos  que  de  antigiiedad  tienen 
abiertos  los  indios,  y son  propios  de  particulares:  sdcanse  basta  doscientas  banegas  cada 
ano  y vale  en  el  puerto  d cuatro  reales. 


93 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 

“Tierras  hay  en  mucha  mayor  cantidad  de  las  que  los  vecinos  y los  indios  ban 
menester;  asi  no  tienen  valor  ni  hay  posesion  de  tierras  en  particular;  cada  uno  hace 
su  ro§a  y siemhra  donde  y en  la  cantidad  que  quiere.  Los  vecinos  benefician  sus  chbcaras 
con  esclavos  propios  y con  los  mitayos. 

“ Los  manteniinientos  que  faltan  en  la  tierra  y de  que  suele  haber  carestla,  son  harina 
de  trigo,  que  se  trae  de  los  valles  de  Trugillo,  y se  vende  en  Manta  b nueve  reales  la 
arroba;  el  vino  se  trae  de  Guayaquil  y vale  a ocho  y a nueve  la  botija;  la  de  aceite  suele 
costar  de  doce  b catorce  pesos  corrientes.  Quando  hay  falta  de  maiz,  se  les  toma  a los 
indios  que  lo  tienen  en  el  distrito,  b la  tasa  que  sehala  el  cabildo.  Ganados  se  crian  en 
poca  cantidad  por  la  sequedad  de  la  tierra  y falta  de  agua. 

“ En  todo  el  distrito  hay  cinco  6 seis  estancias  de  ganado  en  que  habrb  de  vacuno  hasta 
tres  mil  reses;  ovejas  hasta  doscientas:  otro  testigo  dice  de  trescientas  b quatrocientas 
cabezas:  cabras  doscientas;  de  puercos  habrb  mil  cabezas  y este  es  el  ganado  que  mas  se 
multiplica  y mbs  se  gasta,  porque  cada  hembra  cria  cada  aiio  seis  6 nueve;  vale  una 
cabeza  en  pib  quatro  pesos;  un  puerco  de  dos  anos  otro  tanto;  un  carnero  6 chivato  6 cabra, 
un  peso.  Mucho  del  ganado,  particularmente  del  de  cerda,  anda  alzado,  que  quando  el  aiio 
no  es  abundante  de  maiz,  como  no  les  dan  grano,  no  quieren  acudir  al  corral,  y con  el 
aparejo  del  mucho  monte  se  algan  y se  emboscan.  Hay  hombres  que  tienen  por  oflcio  ir  b 
caballo  a jarretar  ganado  alyado  para  sacar  el  sebo  y lardo  del. 

“ No  hay  yeguadas  ni  cria  de  mulas ; solamente  el  convento  de  la  Merced  tiene  una 
manada  de  yeguas,  que  andan  al$adas. 

“ Los  indios  desta  provincia  tienan  (en  casa)  tres  6 quatro  y algunos  hasta  diez  yeguas 
de  que  crian  potros : vale  una  yegua  de  quatro  a seis  pesos,  y un  potro  lo  mismo. 

“ Gobierna  y administra  justicia  en  Puerto  Viejo  un  teniente,  puesto  por  el  gobernador 
de  Guayaquil ; y dembs  del  tribunal  del  teniente  hay  en  la  ciudad  dos  alcaldes  ordinarios 
y otros  dos  de  la  hermandad  y quatro  regidores  y un  alguacil  mayor  que  pone  un  teniente. 
El  alguacil  mayor  solia  ser  nombrado  por  el  gobernador;  despues  le  nombraban  los 
vireyes : el  que  agora  sirve  el  oficio  lo  tiene  nombrado  por  mil  trescientos  pesos  corrientes : 
no  tiene  salarios  mbs  de  sus  derechos.  Hay  una  escribania  publica  y otra  del  cabildo  y de 
ordinario  las  sirve  ambas  una  persona,  nombrado  desde  D.  Luis  de  Velasco  acb  por  el 
Virey  que  antes  nombraba  el  cabildo  de  la  ciudad  por  concesion  del  Marques  D.  Francisco 
Pigarro.  La  eleccion  de  alcaldes  y regidores  se  hace  por  votos  del  cabildo : cada  primero 
dia  del  aho,  nombran  seis  personas  y echan  los  nombres  en  un  cantaro,  de  donde  los 
primeros  dos  que  salen  son  para  alcaldes  y los  quatro  restantes  para  regidores : aprueba 
la  eleccion  el  gobernador  6 por  el  su  teniente ; para  esta  eleccion  tienen  voto  dembs  de  los 
oflciales  del  cabildo  alcalde  y regidores,  el  alguacil  mayor  y el  tesorero. 

“En  cada  pueblo  de  indios  hay  tambien  su  cabildo,  alcaldes  y regidores,  alguacil  mayor 
y menor  y escribano : todos  indios  conforme  a la  orden  que  dio  el  virey  don  Francisco  de 
Toledo,  y dembs  desto  hay  un  gobernador  de  todos  los  pueblos  de  indios  del  distrito, 
nombrado  por  los  vireyos ; este  es  indio  y reside  en  Manta.  La  eleccion  de  los  oficiales  de 
cada  aho  en  los  pueblos  de  indios  se  hace  y contirma  de  la  misrna  manera  que  la  de  Puerto 
Viejo. 

“ A los  indios  que  de  su  voluntad  trabajan  por  jornal  en  las  chacaras,  se  les  da  por 
cada  dia  b real  y de  comer;  a indios  que  sirven  por  mita,  esto  es,  apremiados  y repartidos 
por  quinto,  les  Hainan  mitayos  y a los  que  entran  a servir  por  su  voluntad,  yanaconas: 
estos  ganan  de  salario  doce  pesos  cada  aho,  y los  mitayos  nueve  reales  y medio  cada  quince 
dias  y de  comer,  por  tasacion  que  hizo  el  Virey;  el  alquiler  de  un  caballo  es  b real  por 
legua  6 quatro  reales  por  jornada  de  hasta  cinco  leguas:  quando  el  indio  cuyos  son  los 


94 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

caballos,  va  con  ellos  para  volverlos,  no  se  le  paga  mas  del  alquiler  de  los  caballos;  si  va 
otro  indio  gana  real  por  caballo,  desde  el  puerto  de  Manta  a Jipijapa,  6 de  all!  a Daule  a 
Unguia;  pedido  por  el  pasagero  se  le  dan  seis  11  ocbo  reales  y lo  llevan  a caballo. 

“El  camino  real  para  Guayaquil  y para  todo  el  Piru  pasa  sin  tocar  a la  ciudad  de 
Puerto  Viejo,  cinco  leguas  della,  desde  el  puerto  de  Manta  a Jipijapa:  de  alii  a Daule  bay 
veinticinco  leguas  de  despoblado  con  tambos  (as!  llaman  a las  ventas)  a trecbos  en  que  se 
recogen  de  noche  los  pasageros.  Estos  tambos  son  quatro,  y estan  desiertos,  sin  gente 
ninguna  que  los  habite,  y no  bay  otra  poblacion  por  el  camino  ni  b los  lados,  porque  de  la 
parte  de  Levante  corre  la  cordillera  (de  las  sierras)  de  Quito,  y al  Poniente  la  playa  del 
mar  del  Sur.  Es  menester  ir  prevenidos  de  comida,  y el  verano  tambien  de  bebida  para 
este  desierto;  previenense  en  Jipijapa  de  todo,  6 del  agua  a quatro  leguas  adelante  en  la 
primera  aguada.  Hay  en  Jipijapa  un  tambo  6 meson  bien  adere§ado.  En  Puerto  Viejo 
no  bay  tambo  ninguno  ni  casas  de  posadas.  Los  vecinos  bospedan  a los  pasageros;  el  pan 
que  comen  de  ordinario  los  indios  y los  espanoles  es  de  maiz,  de  que  bacen  unos  panes  a 
que  llaman  tortillas,  carne  de  vaca  y de  puerco  y monteria  de  venados  y puercos  monteses 
y legumbres  de  la  tierra,  unas  babas  que  se  diferencian  poco  de  las  de  Espana  y son  de 
mucbo  sustento,  frisoles,  camotes,  yucas:  estas  son  ciertas  raices  como  de  patata,  de  las 
quales  y del  maiz  bacen  la  bebida  que  llaman  cbicba:  un  pan  de  trigo  que  pesa  veinte 
onzas  suele  valer  un  real;  el  arroba  de  carne  de  vaca  a dos  reales;  el  quartillo  de  vino  de 
Castilla  a ocbo  reales;  el  de  la  tierra  de  cuatro  basta  seis  reales:  las  verduras  y legumbres 
no  se  venden,  porque  todos  las  tienen  de  cosecha  y propias.  Las  enfermedades  vulgares 
en  la  tierra  son:  calenturas  prolixas  y recias,  y dolores  en  todo  el  cuerpo,  que  ordinaria- 
mente  son  de  bubas;  estos  curan  con  garga  y palo  santo;  las  calenturas  con  sangrias  y 
purgas  de  mecboacan  y caiiifistola. 

“ Para  diversas  enfermedades  usan  mas  que  de  otra  medicina  del  tabaco  y de  otra 
yerba  llamada  el  payco,  cuyo  zumo  beben  para  las  lombrices : bay  cantidad  de  palo  de 
salsifrax,  de  que  usan  para  postemas  interiores  y para  qualesquiera  dolores  de  frialdad  con 
admirables  efectos : tambien  bay  begares  de  mucba  virtud  que  se  sacan  de  los  venados,  y 
contrayerba  que  dan  a los  que  ban  tornado  veneno  6 estan  becbizados. 

“ Llaman  guacas  a los  lugares  de  adoracion  a donde  los  indios  tenian  los  idolillos  de 
oro  y de  plata : buscanse  como  tesoros ; algunas  se  dice  que  estan  denunciadas  en  el 
distrito,  pero  no  se  ban  sacado. 

“ En  la  ciudad  de  Puerto  Viejo  bay  un  tesorero  que  es  oficial  real  y juez  nombrado 
por  el  Virey : tiene  a su  cargo  la  caxa  Real  con  salario  de  ciento  veinte  pesos  de  plata 
ensayada. 

“Las  rentas  reales  que  entran  en  la  caxa,  son  los  almojarifazgos  del  puerto  de  Manta, 
que  valen  cada  ano  doscientos  cincuenta  pesos : los  novenos  de  los  diezmos  que  valen 
cincuenta  pesos ; cincuenta  pesos  corrientes  que  valen  las  alcabalas ; treinta  y seis  pesos 
que  pagan  de  tributo  yanaconas  que  estan  en  la  ciudad  a razon  de  seis  pesos  de  plata 
corriente:  no  bay  quintos  en  esta  tierra,  porque  no  bay  minas  ni  guacas:  gastos  desta 
caxa  son  los  ciento  veinte  pesos  de  salario  del  tesorero : ocbenta  pesos  corrientes  que 
S.  M.  da  de  limosna  al  convento  de  la  Merced ; cuarenta  pesos  de  ayuda  de  costa  al  cura : 
suelen  sobrar  cada  ano  basta  cien  pesos  corrientes  que  se  envian  a la  caxa  de  Guayaquil : 
esto  es  muy  digno  de  notar  para  consideracion  de  quantos  espanoles  se  ocupan  y gastan 
con  tan  pequeiia  utilidad  de  su  Rey:  la  conversion  de  los  indios  es  lo  que  vale  y contrapesa. 


Saville : Antiquities  of  Manabi , Ecuador 


95 


“ Militar 

“ No  hay  en  la  ciudacl  presidio  de  soldados  ni  fortaleza,  pero  hay  nn  maese  de  campo, 
un  capitan  y un  sargento  mayor  nombrados  por  el  Virey,  y hallaranse  en  ella  hasta  cin- 
cuenta  hombres  de  todas  edades  para  tomar  armas  en  las  ocasiones. 

“ No  se  labran  armas  en  la  ciudad. 

“No  se  puede  hacer  fortaleza  en  el  puerto  de  Manta,  porque  tiene  muchas  entradas  y 
porque  no  hay  agua,  que  la  que  se  bebe  alii  se  trae  dos  legnas. 

“ Conflnan  los  terminos  de  Puerto  Yiejo  con  la  provincia  de  las  Esmeraldas  hacia  la 
cordillera  de  las  tierras  de  Quito : ocuparon  aquella  provincia  uu  numero  de  mulatos 
gambahigos,  que  nacieron  de  mezcla  de  negros  y negras  cimarrones  con  los  indios  : eran 
estos  mulatos  belicosos  y corrian  toda  aquella  cordillera  haciendo  guerra  y mucho  dauo  a 
los  indios  de  la  tierra,  que  son  los  llamados  gibaros  y pertenecen  a esta  jurisdicion,  los 
quales  apretados  de  los  mulatos  se  venian  a valer  de  los  espanoles,  y algunos  por  esta 
causa  se  bajaron  de  la  sierra  y se  redujeron  y convirtieron  : causaban  los  mulatos  muchos 
sobresaltos  y alborotos  y hacian  estar  a los  espanoles  con  cuidado  y con  las  armas  en  las 
rnanos,  hasta  que  de  cinco  a seis  anos  a esta  parte  se  paciflcaron  y dieron  obediencia  & 
S.  M.  y se  comunican  con  los  indios  y con  los  espanoles  y han  entrado  entre  ellos  religiosos 
de  la  orden  de  la  Merced  que  los  dotrinan ; en  particular  es  conocido  un  Fray  Pedro 
Romero,  a quien  los  mulatos,  sehaladamente  los  de  la  provincia  de  Campa§o,  que  es  la 
mas  cercana  d esta  y su  mayoral  que  se  llama  D.  Alg.  Sebastian  de  Illesca,  tienen  mucho 
respeto ; asi  que  agora  goza  esta  tierra  de  paz,  pero  la  provincia  de  las  Esmeraldas,  que  se 
entiende  es  muy  rica  dellas  y de  oro,  esta  todavia  ocupada  y tiranizada  de  los  mulatos  y 
despoblada  de  indios  y no  beneficiada  ni  descubierta  de  los  espanoles. 

“ Eclesiastico 

“Hay  en  la  ciudad  de  Puerto  Yiejo  tres  templos:  laiglesia  parroquial,  cuya  advocacion 
es  de  San  Gregorio : la  iglesia  y convento  de  Nuestra  Senora  de  la  Merced ; una  hermita 
de  San  Yalerio:  son  estos  templos  de  madera  y cubiertos  de  paja:  la  iglesia  parroquial  no 
tiene  otra  renta  mas  de  la  parte  que  le  cabe  de  los  diezmos,  que  suele  valer  cada  ano  desde 
cuatrocientos  a seiscientos  pesos,  que  dicen  es  causa  de  mucha  pobreza. 

“ El  cura  de  la  iglesia  es  juntamente  vicario  del  obispo  y sirve  la  dotrina  de  los  indios 
de  Catarama,  que  le  son  anejos  y distan  de  la  ciudad  menos  de  un  quatro  de  legua : sirve 
tambien  una  capellania  de  once  misas  re§adas,  que  es  la  que  solamente  hay  en  esta  iglesia 
y vale  once  pesos  cada  ano : demits  desto  la  renta  y aprovechamiento  de  que  goza  como 
cura  son  cincuenta  mil  maravedis,  que  S.  M.  lia  mandado  pagar  4 todos  los  curas  de 
pueblos  de  espanoles  y se  le  pagan  en  los  quatro  novenos,  conforme  a la  ereccion  del 
obispado,  y el  resto  se  suple  de  la  caxa  Real : son  ciento  sesenta  y dos  pesos  y dos  reales : 
tambien  dotrina  y les  administra  sacramentos  a los  indios  gibaros  que  nuevamente  estan 
redueidos  en  quatro  pueblos  a dos  y a tres  y a quatro  leguas  de  la  ciudad,  de  que  lleva 
ciento  veinticinco  pesos ; mas  estan  a su  cargo  sesenta  y cinco  yanaconas  que  le  pagan 
doce  reales  cada  uno : estan  estos  en  diversas  partes  en  huertas  y estancias  de  vecinos 
rio  abajo  y rio  arriba  desta  ciudad;  tiene  dermis  desto  el  pie  de  altar  y obvenciones 
ordinarias. 

“En  la  jurisdicion  de  Puerto  Viejo  hay  quatro  dotrinas.  La  de  Catarama  que  sirve 
el  cura. 

“ La  de  Clrarapoto  y Manta,  que  aunque  distan  cinco  leguas  una  de  otra,  ambos  pueblos 
los  sirve  un  clerigo : tiene  casa  y asiste  en  cada  uno,  compartiendo  el  tiempo  conforme  al 
mimero  de  los  feligreses;  particularmente  esta  en  el  puerto  quando  hay  navios  en  el. 


96 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

“La  de  Jipijapa,  que  sirve  un  clerigo. 

“ La  de  Picuga,  que  sirve  un  fraile  de  la  Merced. 

“ De  la  de  Catarama  lleva  el  cura  cien  pesos  de  a nueve  reales  solamente,  y no  lleva 
camarieo  (asi  Hainan  £ lo  que  se  paga  en  aves  y maiz,  etc.),  demas  del  dinero.  La  de 
Charapoto  y Manta  tienen  de  salario  trescientos  pesos  de  £ nueve  reales;  doscientas 
cincuenta  aves  machos  y hembras  por  mitad,  y setenta  fanegas  de  maiz  poco  mas  6 menos ; 
treinta  arrobas  de  pescado,  una  mas  6 menos : otro  declara  que  las  aves  desta  dotrina 
son  doscientas,  y las  fanegas  de  maiz  cincuenta.  La  de  Jipijapa  tiene  trescientos  pesos ; 
setenta  6 hasta  ochenta  aves;  ochenta  fanegas  de  maiz,  quatro  mas  6 menos.  Estos 
salarios  pagan  los  encomenderos  del  cuerpo  de  tributo. 

“El  cura  de  Puerto  Yiejo  es  nombrado  por  el  presidente  de  la  audiencia  de  Quito  y 
confirmado  por  el  obispo;  a,  los  dotrineros  clerigos  presenta  -el  obispo  y confirma  el 
audiencia.  Este  nombramiento  de  dotrineros  declaran  de  diversas  maneras:  el  dotrinero 
de  Jipijapa  dice  en  su  declaracion  que  el  obispo  nombra  tres  clerigos  para  cada  dotrina 
vaca,  y el  presidente  elige  uno  dellos  que  la  sirva. 

“ Solamente  hay  un  convento  de  frailes  de  la  Merced,  que  es  de  la  provincia  Lima  y se 
fundo  cuando  la  ciudad;  fue  su  fundador  fray  Miguel  de  Santa  Maria:  tiene  de  ordinario 
el  comendador  y otro  fraile  demas  del  dotrinero  de  Picuaga:  la  renta  y hacienda  de  este 
convento  son  ciento  cincuenta  pesos  que  lleva  de  la  dotrina  de  Picuaga:  cien  ovejas  y 
algunas  cabras,  y unas  pocas  de  yeguas  que  tiene. 

“La  hermita  de  San  Valerio  se  fundo  por  voto  por  una  grande  plaga  de  ratones  que 
entonces  habia  en  aquel  distrito  y destruian  las  sementeras  del  maiz:  la  advocacion  del 
Santo  salio  por  suerte,  y la  plaga  ha  cesado. 

uDe  los  pueblos  de  la  jurisdicion  en  particular 

“ Catarama  esta  poblado  junto  al  rio  de  Puerto  Viejo,  menos  de  un  quarto  de  legua 
de  la  ciudad:  su  nombre  antiguo  fue  Jagua;  esta.  fundada  en  quadro  con  quince  6 hasta 
veinte  casas,  todas  de  paja ; su  iglesia  es  del  mismo  material,  dedicada  £ San  Cristobal. 

“Al  principio,  quando  se  poblo,  se  llamo  el  Valle;  solia  tener  muchos  indios:  agora  no 
le  han  quedado  de  la  descendencia  de  sus  antiguos  moradores  mas  de  ocho  tributaries : 
los  demas  que  la  habitan  son  indios  de  montana  reducidos  alii : los  indios  deste  lugar  viven 
de  la  caza  y de  pescar  en  el  rio : siembran  en  las  huertas  y en  las  vegas  platanos,  yuca, 
camotes,  frisoles  de  la  tierra  y de  Castilla  y habas. 

“ Charapoto  es  antigua  poblacion  que  antes  de  la  entrada  de  los  espaholes  se  llamaba 
Japoto  y tenia  muchos  indios:  lianle  quedado  pocos  de  los  naturales;  los  mas  que  tiene 
son  parcialidades  de  otros  pueblos  que  fueron  reducidos  alii  por  orden  de  Bernardo  de 
Loaisa,  visitador  general  por  el  Viery  del  Pirn.  Las  parcialidades  reducidas  son  la  de 
Tosagua,  Pasao  y Conehipa.  Al  tiempo  de  la  reducion  fueron  mas  de  doscientos  quarenta 
indios  tributaries  sin  los  reservados  y chusma:  apocolos  una  peste  de  sarampion  y 
tabardillo.  Las  lenguas  propias  y antiguas  de  los  moradores  deste  lugar  son  diversas : 
los  antiguos  naturales  hablan  la  suya;  los  de  Tosagua,  Conehipa  y Toal  otra,  y los  de 
Pasao  no  tienen  lengua  comun  sino  es  la  castellana ; la  gente  es  mas  politica  que  los  de 
otros  pueblos  de  indios  y tienen  en  el  lugar  maestro  indio  que  enseiia  a escribir.  El 
Pueblo  esth  en  llano  con  una  plaga  grande  y quatro  calles  en  la  forma  de  los  pueblos 
de  espaholes  con  sus  calles  cercadas.  En  estos  quatro  quadros  tiene  cincuenta  y cinco 
casas  de  madera  cubiertas  de  paja,  cada  parcialidad  en  su  quadro  de  por  si ; una  iglesia  de 
San  Esteban,  casas  de  cabildo  y carcel. 

“Dista  Charapoto  de  Lima  trescientas  leguas;  de  Quito  ciento;  de  Guayaquil  cuarenta 


97 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manctbi,  Ecuador 

y cinco ; de  Puerto  Viejo  cinco,  y otras  tantas  de  Manta : tiene  dos  leguas  de  jurisdicion 
bacia  los  terminos  destos  dos  lugares : el  rio  por  alii  no  tiene  puente  ni  pas  age. 

“ Hacen  los  indios  deste  lugar  las  sementeras  de  maiz  muy  cortas  y de  las  otras  semi- 
llas ; porque  no  suelen  sembrar  mas  de  dos  6 tres  almudes  de  maiz  para  sustento  de  su 
casa,  para  lo  qua!  cogen  suficiente  fruto  en  los  anos  lluviosos  : en  los  mas  alios  les  falta  y 
enyian  uno  de  los  principales  a comprar  maiz  & Jipijapa  y Picuaca  y les  suele  costar  a oclio 
reales  la  banega. 

“ Ganados  tienen  muy  pocos.  Tres  indios  liay  ricos  en  este  lugar  que  tienen  algun 
ganado ; pescan  en  el  rio.  no  para  grangeria  sino  cada  uno  para  su  sustento. 

“ Una  grangeria  tienen  particular  de  la  cera  que  labran  unas  abejuelas  pequenas  que 
bacen  sus  panales  debajo  la  tierra ; la  miel  es  agria  y la  cera  amarilla  y blanca ; sacanla 
los  indios  y vendenla  a los  espanoles  a real  la  libra. 

“ Parece  que  se  les  pudiera  bien  llamar  a estas  bormigas  de  miel,  nombre  que  aun  a 
todo  genero  de  abejas  les  pertenece. 

“ En  la  medicina  tienen  tambien  particularidad  los  deste  lugar  que  se  purgan  con  solo 
el  agua  del  mar  y que  sudan  para  el  mal  de  bubas  sin  uncion  ni  otra  cosa  que  mueva  sudor, 
sino  con  solo  meterse  en  unos  bornillos  y dandoles  fuego  como  estufas. 

“ El  pueblo  de  San  Pablo  de  Manta,  que  es  el  primer  puerto  del  Pint,  llamase  de  San 
Pablo : de  ocbo  anos  a esta  parte,  luego  que  se  descubrio,  le  llamaron  los  espanoles  Manta ; 
los  naturales  le  llamaban  antes  Jocay. 

“No  se  tiene  memoria  de  su  primera  fundacion ; quando  se  descubrio  era  su  cacique 
uno  llamado  Lligua  Tobab,  que  convertido,  se  nornbro  D.  Gonzalo  Lligua  Toal. 

“Dicen  deste  pueblo  lo  que  de  todos  los  de  indios,  que  tuvo  muchos  indios  en  su  descu- 
brimiento,  y por  enfermedades  y bambres  ba  venido  a grande  diminucion  y particularmente 
porque  los  primeros  conquistadores  maltrataron  mucbo  a los  caciques  apretandolos  para 
que  les  manifestasen  oro  y esmeraldas.  Tenia  cerca  este  pueblo  a una  y a dos  leguas 
otros  tres,  Jar  ami  jo,  Camilloa,  Cama : estos  se  redujeron  en  Manta,  donde  son  parciali- 
dades  de  los  mismos  nombres  : bizose  la  reduction  babra  treinta  y tres  anos  : tenian  estos 
quatro  pueblos  lengua  propia  y comun  a ellos. 

“La  forma  del  pueblo  es  una  calle  larga,  en  que  bay  veintisiete  casas  cubiertas  de 
madera  y paja,  una  iglesia  y una  ermita. 

“Hay  cinco  repartimientos  de  indios,  y en  cada  repartimiento  su  cacique,  y estan 
encomendados  a tres  encomenderos. 

“ No  siembran  semillas  ni  legumbres  ni  otra  cosa  alguna  los  indios  deste  lugar,  ni 
tienen  ganados  porque  no  bay  pastos  ni  agua : la  que  beben  es  de  unos  P090S  que  estan 
dos  leguas  del  pueblo ; comen  pescado  y aves  y algunos  venados  que  cazan.  El  maiz 
traen  comprado  de  fuera  : su  distrito  es  dos  leguas  de  tierra  sin  labor,  llena  toda  de  unos 
cardos  muy  espinosos  : a dos  leguas  tienen  una  montana  que  Hainan  Monte  Cristi,  en  que 
bay  arboles  de  lelia.  Viven  de  la  pesca  y de  llevar  a vender  el  pescado  por  la  tierra,  y & 
los  navios  les  venden  agua  y lena ; tambien  traginan  arar  y mercadurias  de  Castilla  basta 
Jipijapa,  que  dista  nueve  leguas,  para  donde  dan  caballos  alquilados  a los  pasageros,  y 
llevan  a ocbo  reales  de  alquiler  por  cada  caballo : otro  tanto  gana  un  indio  por  ir  a caballo 
con  cartas  a toda  dibgencia : de  aqui  se  proveen  de  agua  los  caminantes  para  pasar  el 
desierto. 

“ Hay  en  este  distrito  una  yerba  venenosa,  que  si  la  come  un  caballo  se  emborracba,  y 
si  esta  flaco  se  muere : el  remedio  es  meter  el  caballo  en  el  agua  del  mar. 

“ Hay  una  iglesia  parroquial  que  llaman  iglesia  mayor*  un  dotrinero  sirve  la  dotrina 
deste  pueblo  y el  de  Cbarapoto,  repartiendo  el  ano  en  la  asistencia  decada  lugar,  quedistan 


98 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

cinco  leguas  por  la  playa  del  mar ; cosa  es  digna  de  remedio,  porque  no  es  posible  que  desta 
manera  los  indios  esten  dotrinados,  ni  se  les  administren  los  sacramentos  como  conviene. 

“ Llaman  a este  pueblo  la  Asuncion  de  Uuestra  Sefiora  de  Picuaga ; redugeronse  en  el 
otros  pueblos  6 parcialidades : el  sitio  donde  esta  fundado  era  un  pueblo  llamado  Giguivi ; 
llamose  Picua9a,  del  nombre  del  cacique  4 quien  aquellas  parcialidades  obedecian ; hizo  la 
reduccion  un  Ag°.  de  Almao,  vecino  de  Puerto  Viejo,  por  comision  del  visitador  Bernardo 
de  Loaysa : dicen  habra  quarenta  y tres  6 quarenta  y ocbo  anos  que  se  fundo,  y que  los 
indios  que  entonces  habia  en  aquellas  parcialidades  6 pueblos  antes  de  la  reduccion,  eran 
mas  de  quinientos  tributaries,  sin  las  mugeres  y cbusma  que  por  enfermedades  y otras 
causas,  a que  generalmente  suelen  atribuir  la  diminucion  de  los  indios,  ban  venido  a muy 
menor  ntimero;  parece  por  el  padron  6 descripcion  que  el  ano  de  1605  se  hizo  por  mandado 
del  Consejo  en  una  parcialidad  que  se  llama  de  Misbain,  se  hallaban  quince  indios,  los 
doce  casados,  y entre  todos  no  tenian  mas  de  siete  hijos  hembras  y muchachos ; en  otra 
parcialidad  dicha  de  Solongo,  se  dice  que  no  hay  mas  que  el  cacique,  que  es  casado,  y un 
indio  tributario  viudo,  y ambos  sin  hijos. 

“ El  Pueblo  de  Picua§a  est4  fundado  en  triangulo,  y tiene  al  medio  una  plaza  quadrada ; 
las  casas  de  vivienda  son  ochenta,  hechas  de  palos  y canas  y cubiertas  de  paja : tiene  a el 
Oriente  a Puerto  Viejo,  de  que  dista  ocho  leguas ; al  Occidente,  el  mar  que  est4  a dos 
leguas  de  Guayaquil,  dista  quarenta. 

u El  lugar  esta  fuera  del  camino  real,  y asi  no  es  pasagero : para  ir  a Guayaquil  salen 
a Jipijapa:  la  tierra  es  liana  y fertil  de  suyo,  sino  que  esta  cubierta  de  Monte,  que  llegan  los 
montes  hasta  el  mismo  lugar.  El  temple  inclina  mas  a frio  que  a caliente,  porque  hay  dos 
inviernos,  que  algunos  anos  se  alcanzan  el  uno  al  otro : el  principal  es  por  Febrero:  llueve 
entonces  y hace  soles  muy  recios,  descubriendose  4 veces  el  cielo  y poniendose  muy  claro : 
el  segundo  invierno  comien§a  por  Junio  y suele  durar  hasta  Diciembre;  este  es  con  unas 
nieblas  espesas  y agua  menuda  con  frio,  que  en  todo  este  tieinpo  no  cesan  las  nieblas  ni  se 
descubre  el  cielo. 

“ Pasa  por  Picuaga  un  rio  propio  de  solo  aquel  lugar,  porque  nace  del  a media  legua  y 
corre  hasta  el  mar,  espacio  de  dos  leguas  y media.  !Nace  de  un  manantial  y corre  siempre 
en  un  ser,  Bano  y sin  charcos  el  agua  de  dos  varas  y media  de  ancho  y quatro  dedos  de 
hondo  6 alto,  es  muy  buena  de  beber  y no  tiene  otra  el  lugar:  por  ser  tan  poco  hondo  este 
rio,  ni  cria  pescado  ni  le  entra  del  mar. 

“Los  4rboles  de  la  tierra  son  guacates,  sapotes,  caymitos,  guayabas,  pincaes:  todos 
estos  silvestres  y que  llevan  fruta  de  comer:  de  Castilla  hay  membrillos,  higueras,  naranjos, 
limas,  limones  en  abundancia : todo  se  cria  y frutifica  por  los  montes  sin  labor  ni  beneficio 
humano,  mas  de  que  4 los  membrilleros  los  podan  cada  aho:  las  frutas  de  que  mas  se  cogen 
son  membrillos  y naranjas : estas  todas  dulces,  que  no  las  hay  agrias. 

“ Hay  tambien  hortaUzas  de  Castilla ; coles,  cebollas,  yerbabuena,  culantro,  peregil. 

“ El  maiz  siembran  en  roQas  a estaca  como  en  las  otras  partes : algunos  anos  cogen 
menos  del  que  ban  menester,  y se  proveen  de  Jipijapa,  donde  les  cuesta  de  seis  a ocho 
reales  la  hanega. 

“ En  los  montes  hay  venados,  puercos  §ahinos,  tigres,  leones  y unas  que  llaman  guarda- 
tinajas : aves  hay  pavas  grasnaderas,  faisanes,  tortolas ; sabandijas  ponzoiiosas,  vivoras, 
culebras,  alacranes : las  mas  ponzoiiosas  son  las  viboras. 

“ Tambien  hay  yerbas  ponzohosas  con  que  los  indios  se  matan  unos  4 otros,  pero  no 
son  conocidas  de  todos,  ni  dicen  los  nombres  dellas : toman  para  remedio  la  que  llaman 
contrayerba  y el  bejueco,  cuyos  polvos  tambien  bebidos  en  agua  caliente  y sudando  con 
ellos,  ai>rovechan  contra  las  mordeduras  de  las  culebras. 


99 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 

“ El  lugar  no  es  notablemente  sujeto  4 enfermedades : las  que  suele  baber  mas  de 
ordinario  son  camaras  y bubas : las  c4maras  euran  dando  4 beber  los  polvos  de  cierta 
tierra  blanca  quemada ; para  las  bubas  toman  la  §ar§a,  que  la  bay  en  la  tierra. 

“ Saben  la  lengua  castellana  en  general  todos  los  indios  deste  lugar,  y algunos  cantan 
diestramente  canto  de  organo,  pero  solos  dos  dicen  que  habia  que  supiesen  leer,  el  cacique 
y otro. 

“ Su  grangeria  es  sacar  cabuya  para  vender : labran  alguna  ropa  de  algodon,  no  mas 
de  la  necesaria  para  su  vestir  y para  la  parte  del  tributo  que  se  paga  en  Iona. 

“ Vo  bay  ganado  en  este  lugar  mas  de  liasta  veinte  vacas. 

“ Tienen  una  iglesia  parroquial  que  se  llama  de  la  Asuncion  : su  edificio  es  de  rnadera 
cubierta  con  barro  y el  tecbo  de  paja. 

“ Tambien  bay  una  ermita  de  Santa  Catalina;  no  tienen  la  iglesia  ni  la  ermita  renta 
ninguna : el  dotrinero  es  un  fraile  del  convento  de  la  Merced  de  Puerto  Viejo. 

“Jipijapa  es  pueblo  todo  de  indios;  llamanle  San  Lorenzo  de  Jipijapa:  el  nombre 
Jipijapa  torno  de  un  su  antiguo  cacique:  babia  dos  pueblos  deste  nombre,  dos  leguas 
distantes  entre  si ; el  lugar  en  que  agora  esta  esta  reducion  se  llamaba  Jipijapa  la  baja ; 
no  se  redujo  primero  en  este  sitio ; su  primera  fundacion,  becba  por  orden  del  visitador 
Loaysa,  fue  tres  leguas  de  alii  bacia  Puerto  Viejo:  trasladola  4 este  sitio  por  mejor,  dicen 
que  babra  veintisiete  anos  (en  el  1605),  un  Juan  de  la  Hinojosa,  juez  por  comision  de  la 
Audiencia  de  Quito  : vinieron  entonces  a poblar  doscientos  sesenta  indios,  y en  la  primera 
fundacion  babian  sido  mas  de  500 : ba  venido  en  diminution  tambien  el  numero  menor, 
por  las  enfermedades  de  sarampion  y otras  causas  que  comunmente  suelen  dar. 

“El  lugar  esta  en  un  llano  entre  dos  cerros,  fundado  en  quadro  con  quatro  calles 
principales  y una  plaza  en  medio:  tiene  ciento  treinta  casas;  dista  de  Quito  noventa 
leguas;  de  Guayaquil  treinta  y quatro;  de  Puerto  Viejo  ocbo.  La  tierra  es  fragosa  todo  y 
cubierta  de  monte  basta  el  rnismo  lugar,  y no  bay  tierras  lianas  para  sembrar : no  es  el 
terreno  esteril  de  suyo,  sino  por  falta  de  agua : los  anos  biimedos  acude  el  maiz  a ciento 
veinte  por  fanega ; los  frisoles  a diez  y 4 doce.  Es  du  buen  temperamento,  sin  escesos 
de  frio  ni  calor : en  el  invierno  (que  asi  llaman  al  tiempo  en  que  llueve)  es  m4s  caliente 
que  en  el  verano. 

“Pasa  jirnto  al  lugar  un  rio  que  nace  quatro  leguas  de  alii,  de  manantiales,  y corre  otras 
tres  basta  la  mar;  es  de  buena  agua,  de  que  beben  mientras  corre,  y suele  correr  desde  Fe- 
brero  4 Noviembre,  y algunos  veranos  no  falta;  pero  quando  se  seca,  beben  de  P090S  que  abren 
en  la  misma  madre  del  rio:  crece  quando  m4s  basta  un  estado  de  agua,  con  lo  qua!  no  bace 
daiio,  sino  antes  provecbo : no  cria  pescado  sino  algunos  camarones  y las  que  llaman  jaivas. 

“ Frutas  de  Castilla  tienen  no  en  mucba  cantidad,  pero  de  manera  que  no  bay  falta 
dellas. 

“Maiz  les  falta  algunos  anos;  v4nlo  4 comprar  en  los  lugares  cercanos,  donde  les 
cuesta  de  seis  4 ocbo  reales,  y algunas  veces  4 doce. 

“ El  pueblo  es  sano ; las  enfermedades  m4s  ordinarias  que  suele  haber  en  el  son  males 
de  ojos,  c4maras  de  sangre,  y calenturas.  Ciiranse  el  mal  de  ojos  alcobol4ndolos  con  el 
9umo  del  cogollo  de  algarrobo  y ecbando  del  mismo  9umo  en  ellos : cubren  el  ramo  tierno 
con  rescoldo,  con  lo  qua!  se  ablanda  y remollesce  nmjanlo  y esprimen  el  9umo.  Para  las 
c4maras  de  sangre,  toman  cantidad  de  un  adarme  de  polvos  de  ciervo,  bebiendolos  en 
tanto  vino  quauto  cabe  en  un  buevo;  y 4 falta  de  vino,  en  agua  tibia.  Para  los  calenturas 
se  sangran  y se  purgan,  6 con  mecboacan  6 con  lo  que  llaman  contrayerba,  de  que  usan 
solo  para  esto,  porque  no  conocen  yerbas  venenosas.  Contra  la  mordedura  de  vfbora  usan 
9umo  de  tabaco. 


100 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

11  Las  parcialidades  reducidas  en  Jipijapa  son  oclio,  euyos  nombres  y numero  de  indios 
quedan  referidas  arriba.  Estan  repartidas  en  siete  encomenderos,  que  viven  agora  los 
quatro  en  Guayaquil,  dos  en  Puerto  Yiejo  y uno  en  Paita. 

11  La  grangerla  principal  de  los  deste  lugar  es  alquilar  caballos  a los  pasageros  hasta 
Daule,  que  son  veinticinco  leguas ; llevan  de  alquiler  por  cada  caballo,  el  invierno  veinti- 
cinco  rs.,  y el  verano  veinte;  al  indio  que  va  para  volver  los  caballos  pagan  los  duefios 
dellos  a dos  reales  por  cada  caballo : tambien  se  aprovechan  de  ir  4 Manta  y traer  en  sus 
caballos  pescado  para  vender ; otros  cazan  venados  y puercos  yahinos  y venden  la  carne. 

“ Tenian  diversas  lenguas,  cada  parcialidad  la  suya : agora  hablan  todos  una  que  ha 
prevalescido,  y mhs  comunmente  hablan  la  castellana. 

u Hay  en  el  lugar  una  iglesia  parroquial  de  San  Ldzaro,  y una  ermita  de  Santa 
Catalina.”  — Description  de  la  Gobernacion  de  Guayaquil,  pp.  276-309. 

6 The  complete  account  of  Porto  Yiejo  by  Cieza  de  Leon  is  here  given.  It  was 
translated  by  Clements  E.  Markham,  and  published  by  the  Hakluyt  Society,  London, 
1864,  under  the  title  u The  Travels  of  Pedro  de  Cieza  de  Leon,  A.D.  1532-50.  Contained 
in  the  First  Part  of  his  Chronicle  of  Peru.” 

u The  Indians  of  the  province  of  Santiago  de  Puerto  Yiejo  are  not  long  lived ; and, 
as  regards  the  Spaniards,  there  are  very  few  old  men  amongst  them,  though  their  number 
has  been  thinned  more  by  the  wars  than  by  sickness.  . . . The  ancients  called  this 
the  Torrid  Zone,  which  is  as  much  as  to  say  the  parched  or  toasted  land,  for  the  sun 
moves  over  it  all  the  year. 

“ The  natives  are  of  middle  height,  and  have  a most  fertile  land,  yielding  abundance 
of  maize,  yucas,  aji , potatoes,  and  many  other  roots  which  are  useful  for  the  support  of 
man.  There  are  also  plenty  of  guavas  and  aguacates,  besides  tunas  of  two  kinds,  one 
white  and  of  excellent  flavor,  caymitos , and  another  fruit  they  call  cerezilla.  The  melons 
are  of  two  kinds,  also,  those  of  Spain  and  those  of  the  country,  and  there  are  all  sorts 
of  beans  and  peas.  The  orange  and  lemon  trees  abound,  also  bananas,  and  pine-apples 
of  excellent  flavor.  There  are  great  quantities  of  those  pigs  which  (as  I said  before  in 
speaking  of  the  port  of  Uraba)  have  the  navel  on  the  back,  which,  however,  is  not  really 
the  navel,  but  some  other  thing  that  grows  there.  As  they  did  not  find  a navel  below, 
they  called  this  excrescence  on  the  back  a navel.  The  flesh  of  these  pigs  is  very  savory. 
There  are  also  pigs  of  the  Spanish  breed,  aud  many  deer  with  the  most  singularly  delicate 
flesh  of  any  in  Peru.  Partridges,  doves,  pigeons,  turkeys,  and  a vast  number  of  other 
birds  are  found ; among  them  one  called  Xuta,  which  is  about  the  size  of  a large  duck, 
and  which  the  Indians  rear  in  their  houses.  These  birds  are  tame  and  good  to  eat. 
There  is  another  bird  called  Maca , very  little  smaller  than  a cock.  It  is  a beautiful 
thing  to  see  the  colors  of  the  plumage  of  this  bird,  and  the  beak,  which  is  rather  thicker 
than  a finger,  is  most  distinctly  divided  into  two  colors,  yellow  and  red.  In  the  forests 
they  meet  with  foxes,  bears,  small  lions,  and  some  tigers  and  serpents,  but  they  all  fly 
from  men  who  do  not  first  attack  them.  There  are  also  night  birds  of  prey,  as  well  inland 
as  on  the  coast,  such  as  condors,  and  the  bird  they  call  gallinazo , or  aura.  In  the  wooded 
ravines  and  forests  there  are  many  trees,  which  are  useful  for  building  houses  and  for 
other  purposes.  In  some  of  these  trees  the  bees  make  excellent  honeycombs.  The 
Indians  have  fisheries  where  they  kill  many  fishes,  among  which  are  fish  called  bonitos, 
a bad  kind  of  fish  which  causes  fevers  and  other  evils  to  those  who  eat  it.  In  all  parts 
of  the  coast  the  men  are  afflicted  with  dark-colored  excrescences,  the  size  of  nuts,  which 
grow  on  the  forehead,  nostrils,  and  other  parts,  and,  besides  being  dangerous,  they  are 


101 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 

very  disfiguring.  These  bumps  are  said  to  be  caused  by  eating  a certain  fish.  However 
this  may  be,  they  are  common  on  the  coast,  and,  besides  the  natives,  many  Spaniards 
have  been  afflicted  with  these  bumps. 

u In  this  coast  and  territory,  subject  to  the  city  of  Puerto  Viejo  and  to  that  of 
Guayaquil,  there  are  two  kinds  of  people.  From  the  cape  of  Passaos  and  river  of 
Santiago  to  the  town  of  Solango,  the  men  are  marked  in  the  face,  and  the  mark  begins  at 
the  root  of  the  ear  and  descends  to  the  chin,  the  breadth  being  according  to  each  man’s 
fancy.  Some  mark  the  greater  part  of  the  face,  and  others  less,  much  after  the  fashion  of 
the  Moors.  Both  men  and  women  wear  mantles  and  shirts  of  cotton,  and  sometimes 
of  wool.  They  also  wear  a few  ornaments,  such  as  jewels  of  gold  and  very  small  beads, 
called  chaquira.  In  some  provinces  I have  myself  seen  that  the  people  put  so  high  a 
value  on  these  chaquiras , that  they  will  give  their  weight  in  gold  for  them.  . . . 

u The  principal  places  where  the  Indians  mark  their  faces  in  this  province  are  Passaos, 
Xaramixo,  Pimpaguace,  Peclansemeque,  the  valley  of  Xagua,  Pechonse,  Apechigue, 
Silos,  Canilloha,  Manta,  Sapil,  Manaui,  Xaraguasa,  and  others.  Their  houses  are  of 
wood,  roofed  with  straw,  some  small  and  others  large,  according  to  the  means  of  the 
owner.”  — Chap.  XL VI,  pp.  174—176. 

u Many  Indians  say  that  the  Lords  Yncas  never  conquered,  nor  were  able  to  bring 
under  their  yoke,  these  natives  of  Puerto  Viejo,  of  whom  I am  now  treating,  though  others 
affirm  the  contrary,  saying  that  the  Yncas  subjugated  them,  and  had  them  under  their 
orders.  The  latter  say  that  Huayna  Ccapac  came  in  person  to  conquer  them,  and  that, 
having  been  disobedient  in  some  particular,  he  made  a law  that  they  and  their  descendants 
should  have  three  of  their  front  teeth  pulled  out  in  each  jaw.  They  add  that  this  custom 
was  preserved  for  a long  time  in  the  province  of  Guancavilcas.  In  truth,  as  all  vulgar 
reports  are  confused,  and  as  the  common  sort  can  never  tell  the  plain  facts,  it  does  not 
astonish  me  that  they  should  relate  these  things,  for  in  all  things  else  the  like  reports  are 
spread  abroad,  and  become  the  talk  of  the  people,  being  in  reality  mere  fables.  I make 
this  digression  here,  that  it  may  be  borne  in  mind  hereafter,  for  if  things  are  repeated 
over  and  over  again  they  become  tiresome  to  the  reader.  This,  therefore,  will  serve  to 
give  notice  that  many  of  the  stories  commonly  reported  among  the  people,  concerning 
events  which  have  happened  in  Peru,  are  fables.  As  regards  the  natives,  those  who  have 
been  curious  in  trying  to  learn  their  secrets  know  that  what  I say  is  the  case.  Concerning 
the  government,  and  the  affairs  of  war  and  of  state  which  have  occurred,  I only  look 
upon  those  principal  men  who  were  in  high  positions  as  authorities.  These  will  relate 
what  occurred,  and  the  sayings  of  the  people. 

“ Beturning  to  the  thread  of  my  narrative,  I have  to  say  (according  to  what  I have 
been  given  to  understand  by  old  Indians  who  were  captains  under  Huayna  Ccapac),  that, 
in  the  time  of  the  great  Tupac  Ynca  Yupanqui,  his  father,  certain  of  his  captains  came, 
with  a force  collected  from  the  ordinary  garrisons  of  the  provinces,  and,  by  their  politic 
arts,  drew  some  of  the  chiefs  to  the  service  of  Tupac  Ynca  Yupanqui.  Many  of  them  went 
with  presents  to  do  him  homage,  and  he  received  them  with  love  and  kindness,  giving 
them  rich  pieces  of  woollen  cloth  made  in  Cuzco.  When  they  returned  to  their  provinces, 
they  esteemed  him  so  highly  for  his  great  valor,  that  they  called  him  father,  and  honored 
him  with  other  titles,  his  benevolence  and  love  for  all  being  such  that  he  acquired 
perpetual  fame  among  them.  In  order  to  instruct  them  in  things  appertaining  to  the 
government  of  the  kingdom,  he  set  out  in  person  to  visit  these  provinces,  and  left 
governors  in  them  who  were  natives  of  Cuzco,  that  they  may  teach  the  people  more 
civilized  customs,  and  other  useful  things.  But  these  natives  not  only  did  not  wish  to 


102  Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

learn  from  those  who  remained  in  their  provinces  by  order  of  Tupac  Ynca  Yupanqui,  in 
order  to  indicate  to  them  a better  mode  of  life,  and  to  teach  them  agriculture;  but,  in 
payment  of  the  benefits  they  had  received,  they  killed  them  all,  so  that  not  one  was  left. 
They  killed  them,  although  they  had  done  no  ill,  nor  had  been  tyrannical,  so  as  to  merit 
such  treatment.  Tupac  Ynca  heard  of  this  great  cruelty,  but  he  dissimulated,  because, 
for  other  important  reasons,  he  was  unable  to  chastise  those  who  had  so  treacherously 
murdered  his  captains  and  vassals.”  — Chap.  XL VII,  pp.  177-179. 

u The  people  of  Guancavilcas  (so  they  say)  used  to  pull  out  three  teeth  in  each  jaw, 
the  fathers  doing  it  to  their  children  when  of  very  tender  age,  which  they  thought  was  no 
evil,  but  rather  a service  very  acceptable  to  their  gods.  They  marry  in  the  same  way  as 
their  neighbors. 

u The  chief  ship  is  inherited  by  the  son  (according  to  the  account  which  they  gave 
me),  and,  failing  sons,  then  the  next  brother,  and,  failing  brothers,  the  sons  of  the  sisters. 
There  are  some  women  who  are  good  looking.  Among  the  Indians  of  whom  I am  now 
treating,  the  best-flavored  maize  bread  is  made  in  all  the  Indies.  It  is  so  good  and  well 
kneaded  that  it  is  even  better  than  some  wheaten  bread. 

“ In  some  villages  of  these  Indians  they  have  a great  quantity  of  skins  of  men  full 
of  ashes,  the  appearance  of  which  is  as  frightful  as  those  in  the  valley  of  Lile,  near  the 
city  of  Cali.”  — Chap.  XLIX,  pp.  181,  182. 

u In  this  province  also,  the  Lord  of  Manta  had  an  emerald  of  great  size  and  value, 
which  the  people  and  their  ancestors  held  in  great  veneration.  On  certain  days  it  was 
publicly  displayed,  and  worshipped  as  if  it  contained  some  deity.  On  these  occasions,  if 
any  man  or  woman  was  sick,  they  performed  a sacrifice,  and  then  came  forward  to  pray 
to  the  stone.  They  affirm  that  the  priest,  who  conversed  with  the  devil,  gave  them  to 
understand  that  the  stone  would  bring  health  to  them  in  requital  for  their  offerings,  after 
they  and  other  ministers  of  the  devil  had  applied  to  it.  People  who  were  afflicted  with 
sickness  came  to  Manta  from  all  parts  of  the  interior  to  offer  gifts  and  perform  sacrifices ; 
and  the  Spaniards,  who  first  discovered  this  kingdom,  have  told  me  that  they  found  great 
riches  in  this  town  of  Manta,  and  that  it  always  yielded  more  than  those  which  bordered 
on  it  to  the  encomienderos.  They  also  say  that,  although  threats  and  menaces  have  been 
resorted  to  to  discover  where  this  great  and  rich  emerald  is  concealed,  they  have  never 
been  able  to  find  it,  nor  will  the  natives  betray  the  place  if  they  are  all  killed,  so  great  is 
the  veneration  in  which  it  is  held. 

u This  town  of  Manta  is  on  the  coast.  In  the  interior  there  are  more  villages  and 
more  people,  and  they  differ  in  language  from  those  on  the  coast,  but  they  have  the  same 
food.  The  houses  of  those  inland,  called  Serranos , are  of  wood  and  small,  the  roofs  of 
straw  or  palm  leaves.  They  have  some  flocks  of  Peruvian  sheep,  but  not  so  many  as 
there  are  in  Quito  or  in  the  province  of  Cuzco. 

u The  Serranos  were  not  such  sorcerers  and  magicians  as  the  natives  of  the  coast, 
nor  were  they  so  wicked  in  practising  the  abominable  sin.  There  is  hope  of  some  gold 
mines  in  some  of  the  rivers  of  these  mountains,  and  there  is  certainly  a very  rich  emerald 
mine ; but  although  many  captains  have  tried  to  discover  it,  they  have  not  succeeded,  nor 
will  the  natives  tell  them  where  it  is.  It  is  true  that  Captain  Olmos  is  said  to  have 
known  where  this  mine  was,  but  I think  that  surely  he  would  have  told  his  brothers 
or  some  other  persons.  Certainly  the  number  of  emeralds  that  have  been  brought  to 
Puerto  Viejo  is  very  great,  and  they  are  the  best  in  all  the  Indies;  for  though  emeralds 
are  more  numerous  in  the  new  kingdom  of  Granada,  they  are  not  so  good,  so  that  the  best 
there  do  not  equal  in  value  the  most  ordinary  ones  here. 


103 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Mamabi,  Ecuador 

u The  Caraques  formed  another  tribe.  They  are  not  laborers,  and  are  less  intelligent 
than  their  neighbors,  being  a disorderly  people,  and  making  war  for  very  slight  causes. 
When  a child  was  born  they  put  its  head  between  two  boards,  so  that  at  the  age  of  four 
or  five,  the  head  was  long  and  broad,  but  flat  behind.  Not  content  with  the  heads  that 
God  gives  them,  they  thus  make  them  into  the  shapes  that  please  them  most.  They 
themselves  say  that  they  force  their  heads  into  these  shapes  that  they  may  be  more 
healthy,  and  be  able  to  do  more  work.  Some  of  these  people,  especially  near  the  village 
of  Colima,  to  the  northward,  go  naked.  They  relate  that  Huayna  Ccapac  arrived  here, 
after  having  put  to  death  the  chiefs  as  far  as  Colima  [Cojimies?],  where  he  ordered  a fort 
to  be  built.  Seeing  that  the  Indians  went  naked,  he  did  not  go  any  further,  but  returned, 
leaving  orders  to  his  captains  to  conquer  and  subjugate  as  far  as  the  river  Santiago. 

“Many  of  the  Spaniards  who  came  with  the  Adelantado  Don  Pedro  de  Alvarado 
(especially  the  marshal  Alonzo  de  Alvarado,  and  the  captains  Garcilasso  de  la  Vega,  Juan 
de  Saavedra,  and  another  gentleman  named  Suer  de  Cangas)  told  me  that  when  they 
landed  on  the  coast  with  the  said  Adelantado  Don  Pedro,  and  came  to  this  village,  they 
found  many  vases  full  of  gold,  silver,  and  precious  stones,  besides  a great  quantity  of 
emeralds,  so  that  they  gained  much  wealth  for  their  valor.  But  many  said  that  the 
emeralds  were  of  glass;  so,  to  try  the  question  (for  some  considered  they  might  be  stones), 
they  determined  to  beat  them  with  hammers,  saying  that  if  they  were  of  glass  they  would 
soon  break,  but  if  they  were  of  stone  the  blows  would  have  no  effect.  Thus,  from  want  of 
knowledge  and  experience,  they  broke  many  of  these  emeralds,  and  profited  little  by 
having  found  them.  Nor  did  they  enjoy  their  gold  and  silver,  for  they  suffered  much  from 
cold  and  hunger,  and  left  their  loads  of  treasure  in  the  forests.”  — Chap.  L,  pp.  183-185. 

“ In  all  these  affairs  (as  I have  been  told)  the  marshal  Don  Diego  de  Almagro  showed 
himself  to  be  a diligent  captain.  When  he  arrived  at  the  city  of  San  Miguel  it  was  made 
known  to  him  that,  when  the  ships  which  came  from  Tierra  Firme,  and  from  the  provinces 
of  Nicaragua,  Guatemala,  and  New  Spain,  arrived  on  the  coast  of  Peru,  the  crews  landed 
and  did  much  harm  to  the  natives  of  Manta,  and  of  the  coast  of  the  province  of  Puerto 
Viejo.  To  avoid  these  evils,  and  that  the  natives  might  be  watched  and  protected,  he 
determined  to  send  a captain  to  select  a site  where  a town  or  city  might  be  founded. 

“ He  selected  the  captain  Francisco  Pacheco  for  this  duty,  and  ordered  him  to  set  out 
with  the  requisite  number  of  followers.  Francisco  Pacheco,  in  obedience  to  his  orders, 
started  from  a village  called  Piquasa,  and  founded  the  city  of  Puerto  Viejo  in  the  locality 
which  appeared  to  him  most  suitable.  This  was  on  the  day  of  St.  Gregory,  the  12th 
of  March,  in  the  year  of  the  birth  of  our  Bedeemer  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  1535,  and  he 
founded  it  in  the  name  of  the  Emperor  Don  Carlos  our  King  and  Lord. 


“ At  first  the  city  was  called  the  new  town  of  Puerto  Viejo,  and  it  is  situated  in  the 
most  convenient  and  best  part  of  the  province,  not  very  far  from  the  South  Sea.  In  many 
districts  belonging  to  this  city  of  Puerto  Viejo,  they  make  deep  holes  for  the  burial  of 
their  dead,  which  look  more  like  wells  than  tombs.  When  they  wish  to  inter  a body,  they 
clear  out  all  the  loose  earth.  A large  number  of  Indians  then  assemble,  dancing,  singing, 
and  mourning,  not  forgetting  to  drink,  and  beating  drums.  After  they  have  done  all 
these  things,  according  to  the  custom  of  their  ancestors,  they  lower  the  body  down  into 
the  deep  tomb,  and,  if  he  is  a chief  or  important  person,  they  bury  the  most  beautiful  and 
beloved  of  his  women  with  him,  besides  jewels,  food,  and  jars  of  wine  made  from  maize. 
They  then  place  those  thick  canes  which  grow  in  the  country  over  the  hole.  As  these 


104 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

canes  are  hollow  they  take  care  to  fill  them  with  that  drink  made  of  maize  or  roots,  which 
they  call  acca , because,  being  deceived  by  the  devil,  they  believe  (at  least  so  they  have 
told  me)  that  the  dead  man  drinks  of  the  liquor  they  put  into  the  canes.  This  custom  of 
burying  arms,  treasure,  and  food  with  the  dead,  is  practised  in  the  greater  part  of  these 
newly-discovered  countries ; and  in  many  provinces  they  also  bury  women  and  boys  alive 
with  them.”  — Chap.  LI,  pp.  186-188. 

“ There  are,  however,  reports  concerning  giants  in  Peru,  who  landed  on  the  coast  at 
the  point  of  Santa  Elena,  within  the  jurisdiction  of  this  city  of  Puerto  Yiejo,  which  require 
notice.  I will  relate  what  I have  been  told,  without  paying  attention  to  the  various 
versions  of  the  story  current  among  the  vulgar,  who  always  exaggerate  everything.  The 
natives  relate  the  following  tradition,  which  had  been  received  from  their  ancestors  from 
very  remote  times.  There  arrived  on  the  coast,  in  boats  made  of  reeds,  as  big  as  large 
ships,  a party  of  men  of  such  size  that,  from  the  knee  downwards,  their  height  was  as 
great  as  the  entire  height  of  an  ordinary  man,  though  he  might  be  of  good  stature.  Their 
limbs  were  all  in  proportion  to  the  deformed  size  of  their  bodies,  and  it  was  a monstrous 
thing  to  see  their  heads,  with  hair  reaching  to  the  shoulders.  Their  eyes  were  as  large  as 
small  plates.  They  had  no  beards,  and  were  dressed  in  the  skins  of  animals,  others  only  in 
the  dress  which  nature  gave  them,  and  they  had  no  women  with  them.  When  they  arrived 
at  this  point,  they  made  a sort  of  village,  and  even  now  the  sites  of  their  houses  are 
pointed  out.  But  as  they  found  no  water,  in  order  to  remedy  the  want,  they  made 
some  very  deep  wells,  works  which  are  truly  worthy  of  remembrance;  for  such  are  their 
magnitude,  that  they  certainly  must  have  been  executed  by  very  strong  men.  They  dug 
these  wells  in  the  living  rock  until  they  met  with  water,  and  then  they  lined  them  with 
masonry  from  top  to  bottom  in  such  sort  that  they  will  endure  for  many  ages.  The  water 
in  these  wells  is  very  good  and  wholesome,  and  always  so  cold  that  it  is  very  pleasant  to 
drink  it.  Having  built  their  village,  and  made  their  wells  or  cisterns  where  they  could 
drink,  these  great  men,  or  giants,  consumed  all  the  provisions  they  could  lay  their  hands 
upon  in  the  surrounding  country ; insomuch  that  one  of  them  ate  more  meat  than  fifty  of 
the  natives  of  the  country  could.  As  all  the  food  they  could  find  was  not  sufficient  to 
sustain  them,  they  killed  many  fish  in  the  sea  with  nets  and  other  gear.  They  were 
detested  by  the  natives,  because  in  using  their  women  they  killed  them,  and  the  men  also 
in  another  way.  But  the  Indians  were  not  sufficiently  numerous  to  destroy  this  new 
people  who  had  come  to  occupy  their  lands.  They  made  great  leagues  against  them,  but 
met  with  no  success.  . . . All  the  natives  declare  that  God  our  Lord  brought  upon 

them  a punishment  in  proportion  to  the  enormity  of  their  offence.  While  they  were  all 
together,  engaged  in  their  accursed  ...  a fearful  and  terrible  fire  came  down  from 
heaven  with  a great  noise,  out  of  the  midst  of  which  there  issued  a shining  angel  with 
a glittering  sword,  with  which,  at  one  blow,  they  were  all  killed,  and  the  fire  consumed 
them.  There  only  remained  a few  bones  and  skulls,  which  God  allowed  to  remain  without 
being  consumed  by  the  fire,  as  a memorial  of  this  punishment.  This  is  what  they  say 
concerning  these  giants,  and  we  believe  the  account,  because  in  this  neighborhood  they 
have  found,  and  still  find,  enormous  bones.  I have  heard  from  Spaniards  who  have  seen 
part  of  a double  tooth,  that  they  judged  the  whole  tooth  would  have  weighed  more  than 
half  a butcher’s  pound.  They  also  have  seen  another  piece  of  a shin  bone,  and  it  was 
marvellous  to  relate  how  large  it  was.  These  men  are  witnesses  to  the  story,  and  the  site 
of  the  village  may  be  seen,  as  well  as  the  wells  and  cisterns  made  by  the  giants.  I 
am  unable  to  say  from  what  direction  they  came,  because  I do  not  know. 


105 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 

“ At  the  point  of  Santa  Elena  (which,  as  I have  said  before,  is  on  the  coast  of  Peru 
within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  city  of  Puerto  Viejo)  there  is  a thing  well  worthy  of  note, 
and  this  is  that  there  are  certain  wells,  or  mines,  of  such  excellent  tar,  that  as  many  ships 
as  require  caulking  might  be  caulked  with  it.  This  tar  must  be  some  mineral  which  flows 
out  at  this  place,  and  it  comes  forth  very  hot.  I have  not  seen  any  other  mines  of  tar  in 
any  of  the  other  parts  of  the  Indies  which  I have  visited ; but  I believe  that  Gonzalo 
Hernandez  de  Oviedo,  in  the  first  part  of  the  general  history  of  the  Indies,  gives  an 
account  both  of  this  and  of  others.  Nevertheless,  as  I am  not  writing  concerning  the 
Indies  generally,  but  only  of  the  events  which  have  taken  place  in  Peru,  I do  not  treat  of 
other  parts.  With  this  I shall  conclude  what  I have  to  say  concerning  the  city  and 
province  of  Puerto  Viejo.”  — Chap.  LII,  pp.  189-192. 


1 We  quote  here  the  entire  chapter  of  Garcilasso  relating  to  Manabi,  using  Markham’s 
translation,  published  by  the  Hakluyt  Society. 

“THE  GODS  AND  CUSTOMS  OF  THE  MANTA  NATION:  THEIR  CONQUEST, 
AND  OF  OTHER  VERY  BARBAROUS  TRIBES 

“ Huayna  Ccapac  set  out  for  the  sea-coast  to  prosecute  the  conquest  which  he  had 
planned.  He  came  to  the  frontier  of  a province  called  Manta,  where  the  harbor  is  which 
the  Spaniards  called  Puerto  Viejo.  We  explained  the  reason  why  they  gave  it  that  name 
at  the  commencement  of  this  history.  The  natives,  for  many  leagues  along  the  coast  to 
the  north,  had  the  same  customs  and  idolatry.  They  worshipped  the  sea  and  fishes,  which 
they  killed  in  such  abundance  for  them  food.  They  also  worshipped  tigers  and  lions,  great 
serpents,  and  other  reptiles,  according  to  their  fancies.  Amongst  other  things,  they 
worshipped,  in  the  valley  of  Manta,  the  principal  place  in  the  district,  a great  emerald, 
which  was  said  to  have  been  as  large  as  an  ostrich’s  egg.  They  displayed  it  at  their  great 
festivals,  putting  it  out  in  public,  and  the  Indians  came  from  great  distances  to  worship 
and  sacrifice  to  it,  and  to  bring  it  presents  of  other  smaller  emeralds.  For  the  Priests  and 
the  Chief  of  Manta  gave  them  to  imderstand  that  this  was  the  most  agreeable  offering  the 
great  emerald  could  receive,  as  it  looked  upon  the  smaller  ones  as  its  daughters.  This 
covetous  doctrine  led  to  the  collection  of  a great  number  of  emeralds  in  that  town,  where 
they  were  found  by  Don  Pedro  de  Alvarado  and  his  companions,  one  of  whom  was  my 
Lord  Garcilasso  de  la  Vega,  when  they  came  to  the  conquest  of  Peru.  They  broke  the 
emeralds  on  an  anvil ; for,  not  being  good  lapidaries,  they  said  that  if  they  were  fine 
stones,  they  would  not  break  with  the  hardest  blows  that  could  be  given  to  them.  The 
Indians  concealed  the  one  that  was  worshipped  as  a goddess  as  soon  as  the  Spaniards 
entered  that  country.  It  was  so  effectually  hidden  that,  in  spite  of  the  great  diligence 
and  numerous  threats  that  have  since  been  used,  it  has  never  appeared ; as  has  been  the 
case  with  a vast  quantity  of  other  treasure  that  has  been  lost  in  that  land. 

“ The  natives  of  Manta  and  its  district,  particularly  those  on  the  coast  (but  not  those 
inland,  whom  they  call  Serranos),  committed  sodomy  more  openly  and  shamefully  than 
any  other  nation  that  we  have  hitherto  mentioned  as  being  guilty  of  this  vice.  Their 
marriages  took  place  under  the  condition  that  the  relations  and  friends  of  the  bridegroom 
should  enjoy  the  bride  before  her  husband.  They  flayed  the  captives  taken  in  war,  and 
filled  the  skins  with  cinders,  so  that  they  appeared  to  be  what  they  were,  and,  as  a token 
of  victory,  they  placed  them  at  the  doors  of  their  temples,  and  in  the  open  spaces  where 
they  celebrated  their  festivals  and  dances. 


106 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

u The  Ynca  sent  them  the  usual  summons  either  to  submit  to  his  yoke,  or  to  prepare 
for  war.  The  people  of  Manta  had  seen  long  before  that  it  would  not  be  possible  for 
them  to  resist  the  power  of  the  Ynca ; and,  although  they  had  attempted  to  form  a 
defensive  league  with  the  neighboring  tribes,  they  had  not  been  able  to  agree  amongst 
themselves,  because  most  of  them  were  without  law  or  government.  They  all,  therefore, 
submitted,  without  difficulty,  to  Huayna  Ccapac.  The  Ynca  received  them  kindly,  giving 
them  presents,  and  appointing  governors  and  ministers  to  teach  them  their  idolatries, 
laws,  and  customs.  He  then  advanced  to  another  great  province  called  Caranque.  It 
was  inhabited  by  many  tribes,  all  of  whom  were  in  a state  of  anarchy,  without  law  or 
government.  He  easily  subdued  them,  for  they  neither  desired  nor  were  able  to  defend 
themselves,  by  reason  of  the  great  power  of  the  Ynca.  He  treated  them  as  he  had  done 
those  of  Manta,  leaving  ministers  to  instruct  them,  and  continuing  his  conquests.  He 
then  arrived  at  other  districts  which  were  peopled  by  tribes  more  savage  and  bestial 
than  any  that  had  hitherto  been  encountered  on  the  sea-coast.  The  men  and  women 
punctured  their  faces  with  sharp-pointed  stones,  and  deformed  the  heads  of  their  children 
at  birth,  by  fastening  a board  in  front  and  another  behind,  and  tightening  them  every  day 
until  the  children  were  four  or  five  years  old.  The  object  was  to  make  the  head  wide 
across,  and  narrow  from  the  back  part  to  the  forehead.  Not  satisfied  with  flattening  the 
heads  artificially,  they  shaved  the  hah’  off  the  crown  and  back,  leaving  it  at  the  sides ; 
and  the  remaining  hairs  were  not  combed  and  smoothed  down,  but  curled  and  raised  up, 
to  increase  the  monstrosity  of  their  appearance.  They  maintained  themselves  by  fishing, 
being  very  expert  fishermen,  and  on  herbs,  roots,  and  wild  fruits.  They  went  naked. 
They  worshipped  the  same  things  as  their  neighbors,  as  gods.  These  nations  were  called 
Apichiqui,  Pichunsi,  Sava,  Pecllansimiqui,  Pampaliuasi,  and  others.  Having  added  them 
to  his  empire,  the  Ynca  marched  onwards  to  another  district  called  Saramissu,  and  thence 
to  another  called  Passau,  which  is  exactly  upon  the  equator.  The  natives  of  Passau  are 
the  most  barbarous  people  that  were  subdued  by  the  Yncas.  They  had  no  gods,  and  did 
not  know  what  it  was  to  worship.  They  had  neither  village  nor  house.  They  lived  in  the 
hollow  trees  of  the  forests  which  densely  cover  their  country.  They  had  no  special  wives, 
and  did  not  know  their  own  children,  and  they  openly  committed  sodomy.  They  knew  not 
how  to  till  the  land,  nor  to  make  any  useful  thing.  They  went  naked  and  punctured  holes 
round  their  lips.  Their  faces  were  divided  into  four  divisions  of  different  colors,  yellow, 
blue,  red,  and  black,  varying  the  colors  according  to  each  man’s  taste.  They  never 
combed  their  hair,  but  wore  it  long  and  dishevelled,  full  of  straw  and  dust,  and  of 
anything  else  that  fell  upon  it.  In  fine,  they  are  worse  than  beasts.  I saw  them  with 
my  own  eyes  when  I went  to  Spain  in  the  year  1560,  for  our  ship  stopped  on  that  coast  for 
three  days,  to  take  in  wood  and  water.  Many  of  these  people  came  out  in  balsas  of  their 
reeds  to  trade  with  the  ship’s  crew,  selling  large  fish  which  they  killed  with  their 
harpoons.  For  so  rude  and  barbarous  a people,  they  did  this  with  great  dexterity,  so  that 
the  Spaniards,  for  the  pleasure  of  seeing  the  sport,  bought  the  fish  before  they  were 
killed.  In  exchange  for  the  fish  they  asked  for  meat  and  biscuit,  and  did  not  want 
money.  They  wore  a cloth  made  of  the  bark  or  leaves  of  trees  for  the  sake  of  decency ; 
but  this  was  done  more  out  of  respect  for  the  Spaniards  than  from  any  sense  of  shame. 
Truly  these  savages  were  the  wildest  people  that  it  is  possible  to  imagine. 

“ Huayna  Ccapac  Ynca,  when  he  had  seen  them,  and  had  convinced  himself  of  the 
worthless  character  of  their  land,  so  densely  covered  with  sombre  forest,  as  well  as  of  the 
bestiality  of  the  filthy  and  savage  inhabitants,  and  that  it  would  be  waste  of  time  to 
attempt  the  introduction  of  civilized  ways,  said,  according  to  the  account  of  his  people : 


107 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 

i Let  us  return,  for  these  people  do  not  deserve  that  we  should  be  their  lord.’  Having 
said  this,  he  ordered  his  army  to  retire,  leaving  the  natives  of  Passau  in  as  brutal  and 
savage  a state  as  they  were  before.”  — First  Part  of  the  Royal  Commentaries  of  the  Yncas , 
Yol.  II,  Book  IX,  Chap.  VIII,  pp.  440-444. 

8 Benzoni,  according  to  his  own  statement,  was  in  Manabi  during  the  summer  of  1547. 
In  his  “History  of  the  Xew  World,  showing  his  Travels  in  America  from  A.D.  1541  to 
1556,”  he  has  given  us  one  of  the  most  interesting  early  accounts  of  this  region  as  it 
appeared  shortly  after  the  conquest.  We  quote  in  full  from  the  Hakluyt  Society  edition, 
translated  by  Rear-Admiral  W.  H.  Smyth,  what  he  writes  about  the  province. 

“While  we  were  in  sight  of  Cape  San  Francisco , a hundred  and  thirty  miles  from  Capo 
de  Passao , which  cape  is  near  the  limits  of  Puerto  Viejo  — thinking  that  district  was 
inhabited  by  Indians  as  formerly,  all  we  passengers  (being  in  want  of  provisions,  for  it  was 
already  three  months  since  we  quitted  Panama , and  seeing  that  the  merchants  on  board 
would  have  rather  let  us  die  with  hunger  than  give  us  a bit  of  bread)  determined  to  go  on 
by  land.  Twenty-four  of  us,  therefore,  started  at  a venture,  each  carried  four  basins  of 
maize;  and  arriving  at  the  Quisimie  rivers,  which  are  four,  one  beyond  the  other,  with 
great  labor  and  danger  we  crossed  them  by  tying  some  trees  together,  which  we  found  on 
their  banks. 

“The  water  is  salt,  for  the  sea,  from  the  violence  with  which  it  washes  on  shore, 
runs  up  all  the  rivers  along  this  coast  some  fifteen  miles  inland ; so  that  when  we  wanted 
to  drink  we  were  obliged  to  dig  wells.  On  reaching  Capo  de  Passao  we  found  that  the 
Indians  had  burnt  the  houses,  and  were  gone  up  to  the  woods.  Getting  to  the  other  side 
of  the  cape,  we  entered  the  gulf  of  Caraque , which  lies  under  the  equinoctial  line ; but  we 
did  not  know  how  to  proceed;  not  being  able  to  cross  over,  and,  having  nothing  better 
to  eat,  we  fed  on  crabs  and  yellow  berries,  which  had  so  little  flesh  on  them,  that  we  ate 
the  kernels  also,  and  drank  the  healthy  water  of  a little  lake  which  we  found  between  the 
woods  and  the  beach.  There  we  stayed  twenty-two  days,  until  the  ship  came  to  port;  the 
master  concluding  for  certain  that  we  had  all  died  of  hunger,  or  that  the  Indians  had 
destroyed  us.  But  when  he  saw  us,  he  immediately  sent  the  boat ; and  resting  in  the  ship 
that  night  I started  the  following  morning  to  go  to  Puerto  Viejo.  This  town  is  inhabited 
by  Spaniards;  it  consists  of  twenty-two  houses  constructed  with  reeds  and  thatched  with 
straw.  The  province  is  nearly  destroyed  and  ruined:  the  natives  had  a great  many 
emeralds,  and  keep  the  mines  to  themselves;  for  although  the  Spaniards  have  tormented 
many  of  them  to  death,  they  have  never  revealed  where  they  are.  Yet  I was  told  by  a 
maggiordomo  of  Captain  Giovan  Dolmos,  that  an  Indian  woman,  his  concubine,  showed 
him  where  one  mine  was  situated,  but  he  would  not  publish  it  lest  the  king  should  wrest  it 
from  him  for  himself.  They  had  also  a very  great  number  of  vases  of  gold  and  silver,  but 
the  Spaniards  have  seized  everything;  wherefore  they  now  can  only  give  their  masters 
what  is  produced  in  the  country,  and  consequently  few  Spaniards  live  there. 


“Whilst  I remained  in  that  province,  often  for  amusement  I went  amongst  those 
native  villages,  both  inland  and  along  the  beach;  and  on  one  occasion,  entering  a hamlet 
called  Chiaropoto , I found  the  Indians  making  sacrifices  in  their  temple,  beating  drums  and 
singing  some  of  their  songs.  Desirous  of  witnessing,  I went  into  the  temple;  but  as  soon 
as  the  ministers  saw  me,  with  great  anger,  and  almost  spitting  in  my  face,  they  turned  me 
out.  I perceived  an  idol,  however,  made  of  clay,  shaped  like  a tiger,  also  two  peacocks 


108 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

with  other  birds,  which  they  had  to  sacrifice  to  their  deities;  they  might  also  have  had 
some  lad,  as  usual  among  them,  but  I did  not  see  him.  Another  day  it  happened  that  I 
went  to  Picalanceme,  where  I found  the  inhabitants  drinking.  Wishing  to  stay  and  see 
how  they  got  drunk,  four  of  them  came  up  to  me  where  I was  standing,  saying,  in 
Spanish  — £ O thou  villanous,  treacherous  Christian,  go  away  from  our  country.’  Seeing 
that  they  intended  to  attack  me,  I drew  my  sword,  but  made  my  escape,  determined  never 
more  to  go  among  those  towns  when  they  were  celebrating  a feast-day.  I have  been  to 
various  villages,  as  for  instance  to  Gama , Camuliova , Camuxiova,  and  other  places,  where 
some  of  the  Indians  kill  their  children  that  they  may  not  serve  the  Spaniards.  It  is 
asserted  as  a fact,  that  the  chiefs  of  Manta  possess  an  emerald  of  the  size  of  a hen’s  egg, 
which  they  worship  as  one  of  their  chief  deities.  This  town  is  situated  on  the  sea  shore, 
and  used  to  be  one  of  the  principal  towns  along  that  coast,  containing  above  two  thousand 
inhabitants  before  the  Spaniards  went  there,  but  now  reduced  to  fifty.  A similar  fate  has 
befallen  all  the  towns  in  that  province.  One  day  Lopez  d’Aiala  asked  the  chief  of  that 
town  whether  i He  would  become  a Christian  ? ’ The  man  answered  he  did  not  know,  but 
that  he  (d’Aiala)  might  do  as  he  liked.  He  therefore  had  him  christened  by  the  name  of 
Don  Diego;  yet,  for  all  this,  I never  saw  him  look  any  Spaniard  in  the  face.  His  vassals 
are  by  nature  ugly,  dirty,  unnaturally  vicious,  and  full  of  every  sort  of  malignity. 

u Generally  along  this  coast,  the  Indians  living  near  the  sea  procure  good  water  by 
digging  large  wells  for  the  purpose;  and  when  they  go  from  one  place  to  another,  each 
man  carries  calabashes  full  of  water.  But  when  the  Indians  of  Manta  go  to  Puerto  Viejo, 
fearing  lest  they  might  meet  some  Spaniard  who  would  drink  it  for  them,  they  prefer  going 
two  miles  inland,  to  get  a stinking,  black,  dirty  water  that  rises  out  of  a rock;  knowing 
that  the  Christians  will  not  drink  that  water.  This  country  is  hot  and  damp,  nor  is  the 
sky  ever  serene.  There  are  a great  many  deer,  pigs,  and  fowls  of  a Spanish  breed;  and 
here  they  make  better  maize-bread  than  they  do  in  any  other  part  of  India.  Although 
some  say  that  it  has  an  advantage  over  wheaten  bread,  I cannot  agree  to  like  it.  A great 
deal  of  honey  is  produced,  but  acid;  nor  is  the  wax  very  good.  There  is  also  a sort  of  fruit 
resembling  figs,  called  by  the  natives  papaie,  some  large  and  some  small,  peculiar  to  this 
kingdom,  for  I have  never  seen  them  in  any  other  province:  the  tree  is  tall  and  delicate, 
and  the  fruit  is  of  a sweetish  taste.  There  is  also  another  sort  of  small  figs,  full  of 
prickles,  called  tanne;  but  these  are  found  in  other  districts  also,  as  Nicaragua,  Guatimala, 
and  throughout  the  kingdom  of  New  Spain. 

“ The  Indians  of  the  province  of  Puerto  Viejo  are  generally  subject  to  a disease  called 
berugue ; it  assails  the  face  and  some  other  parts  of  the  body ; the  pustules  are  generally 
of  the  size  of  a walnut.  I have  had  my  share  of  them.  They  give  no  pain,  but  are  ugly, 
and  full  of  blood.  There  is  no  remedy  but  to  let  them  ripen,  and  then  cut  them  off 
delicately  with  a thread.  These  people  paint  their  faces.  They  make  holes  in  their 
nostrils,  lips,  ears,  and  cheeks,  and  then  put  jewels  into  them  on  feast-days.  Their  usual 
dress  is  a shirt  without  sleeves.  Some  go  quite  naked,  and  occasionally  they  dye 
(tingono)  the  entire  body  black. 

“ All  along  this  coast  the  Indians  are  great  fishermen.  The  boats  they  use  are  a kind 
of  raft,  both  for  fishing  or  navigating,  consisting  of  three,  five,  seven,  nine,  or  even  eleven 
very  slender  timbers,  forming  a sort  of  hand  ( a modo  dJuna  mano ),  with  the  longest  in  the 
middle.  They  are  made  of  various  lengths,  and  thus  they  carry  sails  according  to  their 
size;  and  a proportionate  number  of  rowers.  When  they  are  becalmed  at  sea,  they  throw 
bread,  fruits,  and  other  things  overboard  as  a sacrifice,  praying  for  a fair  wind,  they  being 
too  tired  to  row  any  more. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


109 


44  Beyond  the  limits  of  Puerto  Viejo  we  enter  the  country  of  Qmncaviliqui , an  inferior 
province  of  the  kingdom  of  Peru.  The  first,  village  along  the  beach  is  called  Colonchi  ; it 
is  near  the  Point  of  St.  Helena.  I several  times  saw  the  head  of  that  tribe ; he  might  be 
about  sixty  years  of  age,  and  had  truly  the  air  of  a chieftain.  He  was  robust  in  body 
and  very  healthy.  He  used  to  be  drest  in  a shirt  without  sleeves,  dyed  red ; round  his 
neck  he  wore  an  ornament  of  the  purest  gold,  six  times  double,  like  large  corals ; on  his 
hand  he  wore  a ring,  also  his  ears  were  pierced  and  full  of  jewels  and  gold ; finally, 
on  his  left  wrist  he  wore  a certain  shining  stone  like  a mirror,  said  to  be  a preserver  of 
the  sight.  At  the  time  that  the  Spaniards  entered  that  country,  a chief  governed  this 
province  called  Baltaclio,  who  was  very  much  respected  and  had  great  authority  over  his 
vassals ; when  people  went  to  visit  him  he  never  rose  on  his  feet,  except  when  he  saw 
Coloncliie.  But  no  means  were  ever  found  to  induce  this  latter  cacique  to  listen  to  the  law 
of  God  ; so  that  one  day  when  I heard  his  master  say  to  him : 4 Oolonchie,  I insist  on  thy 
becoming  a Christian,’  he  answered  that  on  no  account  would  he  do  so,  adding : 4 Sir,  I 
am  now  too  old  to  become  a Christian : take  my  children,  teach  them  whatever  you  please, 
they  may  serve  you  in  your  own  way,  but  I will  not  abandon  the  law  of  my  forefathers.’ 
These  people  sometimes  draw  five  or  six  of  their  upper  teeth,  and  when  asked  their  reason 
for  so  doing,  they  answer,  4 That  it  is  for  beauty’s  sake  ( lo  fanno  per  bellezza)  d They  wear 
a small  shirt  without  sleeves,  like  the  natives  of  Puerto  Viejo.  From  motives  of  decency 
they  wear  a cotton  band  round  their  middle,  one  end  of  which  hangs  down  behind  nearly 
to  the  ground,  like  a horse’s  tail.  The  women  wear  a cloth  bound  round  (un  drappo  groppito) 
their  waist,  and  hanging  halfway  down  their  legs.”  — History  of  the  New  World , pp.  238-244. 

9 Theodor  Wolf,  44Geografia  y Geologia.  del  Ecuador,”  pp.  505,  506.  Suarez,  follow- 
ing the  statements  of  the  early  writers,  ascribes  the  departure  of  the  Caras  from  the  coast 
to  the  unhealthy  climate.  Having  spent  six  weeks  in  Manabi,  we  hold  Wolf’s  opinion, 
that  the  migration  was  made  for  other  reasons. 

10  A.  F.  Bandelier,  44  Traditions  of  Precolumbian  Landings  on  the  Western  Coast  of 
South  America”  (American  Anthropologist,  N.S.,  Vol.  7,  No.  2)  and  4* Traditions  of  Pre- 
columbian Earthquakes  and  Volcanic  Eruptions  in  Western  South  America”  (American 
Anthropologist,  N.S.,  Vol.  8,  No.  1). 

11  We  find  in  44Belacion  de  los  Primeros  Descubrimientos  de  Francisco  Pizarro  y 
Diego  de  Almagro  ” an  interesting  notice  about  the  native  vessels  of  the  coast  people  of 
Ecuador.  It  is  given  by  Ruiz,  who,  on  Pizarro’s  second  expedition  to  the  western  shores 
of  South  America,  was  sent  southward  to  explore  the  coast.  They  captured  a vessel  of 
the  natives,  which  is  described  as  follows. 

44  This  vessel,  Avhich  I say  he  took,  appeared  to  be  of  as  many  as  thirty  tons ; it  was 
made  after  the  manner  and  with  a keel  of  canes  as  thick  as  posts,  bound  together  by 
ropes  called  ‘henequen,’  which  is  like  flax,  and  the  upper  parts  of  other  canes  more 
slender  bound  with  the  same  ropes,  where  they  placed  their  persons  and  the  merchandise 
together,  as  the  hold  was  with  water.  It  had  its  spars  and  masts  of  very  handsome  wood, 
and  sails  of  cotton  of  the  same  description,  like  those  of  our  ships ; and  very  good  fishing- 
tools  of  the  same  henequen  mentioned,  that  is  like  flax ; and  for  anchors  stones  after  the 
manner  of  barber’s  grinding  stones.” — Documentos  Ineditos para  la  Historia  de  Hspana,  Vol.  V. 

Father  Cobo  also  described  the  larger  vessels  of  this  coast.  He  says, — 

44  The  largest  balsas  used  by  the  Peruvian  Indians  that  live  close  to  the  forests,  like 
those  of  the  ports  of  Payta,  Manta,  and  Guayaquil,  are  composed  of  seven  or  nine  or  more 


110 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

timbers  of  palo  de  balsa  in  this  manner,  that  they  tie  them  one  to  the  other  lengthwise  with 
lianas  or  ropes,  over  others  crosswise.  The  one  in  the  middle  is  longer  at  the  prow  than 
the  others,  which  become  smaller  in  proportion  as  they  recede  on  the  sides.  The  middle 
one  is  longest  at  the  prow,  so  that  at  the  prow  they  are  like  the  fingers  of  an  extended 
hand,  whereas  at  the  stern  they  are  equal.  On  these  they  build  a platform  of  boards  so 
that  the  people  and  cloth  that  go  in  it  may  not  get  wet  from  the  water  entering  through 
the  joints  of  the  timbers.  They  navigate  on  the  sea  with  sails  and  oars,  and  some  are  so 
large  as  easily  to  accommodate  fifty  men.”  — Historia  del  Nuevo  Mundo , Yol.  IV,  p.  221. 

1 2 Zarates’  account  of  the  giants  is  as  follows  : — 

“ CAPITULO  Y 

uDe  los  Veneros  de  Pez  que  hay  en  la  Punta  de  Santa  Plena,  y de  tos  Gigantes  que  alii  hubo 

u Cerca  desta  provincia,  en  una  punta  que  los  espanoles  llamaron  de  Santa  Elena,  que 
se  mete  en  la  mar,  hay  ciertos  veneros  donde  mana  un  betun  que  paresce  pez  o alquitran, 
y suple  por  ellos.  Junto  a esta  punta,  dicen  los  indios  de  la  tierra  que  habitaron  unos 
gigantes,  cuya  estatura  era  tan  grande  como  cuatro  estados  de  un  hombre  mediano.  Eo 
declaran  de  que  parte  vinieron ; mantenianse  de  las  mesmas  viandas  de  los  indios,  espe- 
cialmente  pescado,  porque  eran  grandes  Pescadores ; a lo  cual  iban  en  balsas,  cada  uno  en 
la  suya,  porque  no  podian  llevar  mas,  con  navegar  tres  caballos  en  una  balsa ; apeaban  la 
mar  en  dos  brazas  y media ; holgaban  mucho  de  topar  tiburones  o bufeos,  o otros  peces 
muy  grandes,  porque  tenian  mas  que  comer ; cornia  cada  uno  mas  que  treinta  indios ; 
andaban  desnudos  por  la  dificultad  de  hacer  los  vestidos  ; eran  tan  crueles,  que  sin  causa 
ninguna  mataban  muchos  indios,  de  quien  eran  muy  temidos.  Yieron  los  espanoles  en 
Puerto  Yiejo  dos  figuras  de  bulto  destos  gigantes,  una  de  hombre  y otra  de  mujer.  Hay 
memoria  entre  los  indios,  descendiendo  de  padres  en  hijos,  de  muchas  particularidades 
destos  gigantes,  especialmente  del  fin  dellos ; porque  dicen  que  bajo  del  cielo  un  mancebo 
resplandesciente  como  el  sol,  y peleo  con  ellos,  tirandoles  llamas  de  fuego,  que  se  metian 
por  las  pefias  donde  daban,  y hasta  hoy  estan  alii  los  agujeros  senalados  ; y asi,  se  fueron 
retrayendo  a un  valle,  donde  los  acabo  de  matar  todos.  Y con  todo  esto,  nunca  se  dio 
entero  credito  a lo  que  los  indios  decian  cerca  destos  gigantes,  hasta  que  siendo  teniente 
de  gobernador  en  Puerto  Yiejo  el  capitan  Juan  de  Olmos,  natural  de  Trujillo,  en  el  ano  de 
543,  y oyendo  todas  estas  cosas,  hizo  cavar  en  aquel  valle,  donde  hallaron  tan  grandes 
costillas  y otros  huesos,  que  si  no  parescieran  juntas  las  cabezas,  no  era  creible  ser  de 
personas  humanas ; y asi,  lieeha  la  averiguacion  y vistas  las  senales  de  los  rayos  en  las 
pefias,  se  tuvo  por  cierto  lo  que  los  indios  decian ; y se  enviaron  a diversas  partes  del 
Peru  algunos  dientes  de  los  que  alii  se  hallaron,  que  tenia  cada  uno  tres  dedos  de  ancho  y 
cuatro  de  largo.  . . . Tienese  por  cosa  cierta  entre  los  espanoles,  vistas  estas  senales, 

que  por  ser,  como  dicen  que  era,  esta  gente  muy  dados  al  vicio  contra  natura,  la  Justicia 
divina  los  quito  de  la  tierra,  enviando  algun  angel  para  ello,  como  se  hizo  en  Sodoma  y en 
otras  partes ; y asi  para  esto  como  para  todas  las  otras  antigiiedades  que  en  el  Peru  se 
saben,  se  ha  de  presuponer  la  dificultad  que  hay  en  la  averiguacion ; porque  los  naturales 
ningun  genero  de  letras  ni  escritura  saben  ni  usan,  ni  aun  las  pinturas,  que  sirven  en  lugar 
de  libros  en  la  Eueva-Espana,  sino  solamente  la  memoria  que  se  conserva  de  unos  en  otros; 
y las  cosas  de  cuenta  se  perpetuan  por  medio  de  unas  cuerdas  de  algodon,  que  Hainan  los 
indios  quippos,  denotando  los  niimeros  por  nudos  de  diversas  hechuras,  subiendo  por  el 
espacio  de  la  cuerda  desde  las  unidades  a decenas,  y asi  dende  arriba,  y poniendo  la  cuerda 
del  color  que  es  la  cosa  que  quieren  mostrar;  y en  cada  provincia  hay  personas  que 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


111 


tienen  cargo  de  poner  en  memoria  por  estas  cuerdas  las  cosas  generates,  que  llaman  quippo 
camaios ; y asi,  se  hallan  casas  publicas  llenas  destas  cuerdas,  las  cuales  con  gran  facili- 
dad  da  a entender  el  que  las  tiene  a cargo,  aunque  sean  de  muchas  edades  antes  del.”  — 
Historia  del  Descubrimiento  y Conquista  de  la  Provincia  del  Peru , pp.  465,  466. 

1 3 Bollaert  has  the  following  about  the  abandonment  of  the  coast  region  by  the 
Caras,  and  regarding  the  giants. 

u Two  reasons  are  given,  one  to  escape  from  the  said-to-be  giants  of  Manta,  who,  we 
are  told,  came  to  the  coasts  on  floats  of  rushes ; the  other  that  Cara  was  unhealthy. 

u Tradition  adverts  to  the  giants  who  lived  near  Manta,  0°  57'  S.,  and  Punta  Santa 
Elena,  2°  11'  S. ; these  killed  the  men  of  Cara  to  obtain  possession  of  their  women. 
Pizarro  saw  ruins  attributed  to  the  giants,  also  deep  wells  sunk  through  rock,  and  stone 
statues  eight  feet  high,  some  naked,  others  with  mitres  and  priestly  insignia.  Montesinos 
(not  the  best  of  authorities)  says  that,  under  the  twelfth  Inca,  according  to  his  list,  giants 
entered  Peru,  settling  at  Punta  Santa  Elena  and  other  places ; they  became  very  wicked, 
when  the  divine  wrath  annihilated  nearly  the  whole  of  them.  Some  fled  towards  Cuzco, 
but  were  met  by  the  Inca,  and  dispersed  at  Lima-tambo.”  — Antiquarian , Ethnological , and 
Other  Researches  in  New  Granada , E quad  or,  Peru , and  Chile , p.  79. 

1 4 Juan  y Ulloa, u Resumen  Historico  del  Origen  y Succession  de  los  Incas.” — Appendix 
to  Relacion  Historica  del  Viage  a la  America  Meridional , Yol.  IIII,  p.  li. 

1 6 Huayna  Capac  reigned  from  1487  to  1525,  according  to  Fray  Marcos  de  Niza  in  his 
work,  “Dos  Lineas  de  los  Senores  del  Cuzco  y del  Quito,” — a work  from  which  Velasco 
makes  copious  quotations,  and  of  which  the  original  manuscript  appears  to  be  lost. 

1 6 Cieza  de  Leon,  op.  cit.,  Second  Part,  pp.  209,  211.  Montesinos,  in  his  u Memorias 
Antiguas  Historiales  y Politicas  del  Peru,”  in  the  chapters  relating  to  the  doings  of  the 
Inga  Huira  Cocha,  states  that,  after  the  Inca  had  conquered  the  inhabitants  of  the  Island 
of  Puna,  the  victory  caused  u so  much  alarm  in  all  the  land,  because  of  the  reputation  for 
valor  of  the  inhabitants  of  Puna,  that  all  of  the  neighboring  tribes,  especially  those  of 
Porto  Viejo,  sent  messengers  to  the  Inca  as  Son  of  the  Sun.  Before,  when  the  Inca  sent  to 
the  port  his  ambassadors  imploring  peace,  the  people  had  delayed  replying  many  days,  con- 
sulting with  their  soothsayers,  and  saying  that  they  would  not  admit  him  as  lord.  They 
planned  to  kill  the  messenger,  who  learned  of  it,  and  secretly  returned,  giving  an  account 
to  the  Inca  of  their  mission.  The  Inca  himself  finally  determined  to  go  to  Porto  Viejo. 
When  he  arrived  there  he  saw  eight  balsas,  and  in  them  many  warriors.  Finally  he  suc- 
ceeded in  conquering  the  people  of  Porto  Viejo  and  the  other  adjoining  provinces.  In  an 
island  near  the  province,  a governor  erected  a sumptuous  temple,  acknowledging  the  South 
Sea  as  a great  deity.  This  island  is  called  to-day  the  Island  of  La  Plata  or  of  Santa  Clara.” 
No  other  writer  refers  to  Huira  Cocha,  or,  as  it  is  often  spelled,  Viracocha,  in  connection 
with  the  coast  people.  Montesinos  is  probably  mistaken.  It  should  be  Huayna  Capac. 

11  Juan  de  Velasco,  u Historia  del  Reino  de  Quito  en  la  America  Meridional,  Ano  de 
1789,”  Tomo  II,  Parte  II,  p.  14,  que  contiene  la  Historia  Antigua. 

1 8 The  historical  and  archeological  studies  of  Archbishop  Federico  Gonzalez  Suarez 
are  the  most  valuable  modern  works  on  Ecuador.  In  the  Bibliography  will  be  found  the 
titles  of  his  more  important  publications. 


112 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

1 9 On  this  subject  consult  op.  cit.,  first  part  of  Note  11,  and  Pedro  Pizarro,  “ Eela- 
ciones  del  Descubrimiento  y Conquista  de  los  Reynos  del  Peru,”  published  in  Yol.  Y of  the 
“ Coleccion  de  Documentos  Ineditos  para  la  Historia  de  Espana.” 

20  Antonio  de  Herrera,  “Historia  General  de  los  Hechos  de  los  Castellanos  en  las  Islas 
y Tierra  Firme  de  Mar  Oceano.” 

21  Pedro  Sancho,  “Relacion  de  la  Conquista  del  Peru,”  p.  401.  Translated  from  the 
Italian  (published  by  Ramusio)  by  Joaquin  Gardia  Icazbalceta. 

22  Yelasco  writes,  that  the  towns  of  Porto  Yiejo  and  Manta  were  both  established  in 
the  same  year,  and  gives  the  date  1534.  The  date  is  evidently  a misprint  for  1535,  which 
he  gives  in  his  “Historia  Antigua,”  and  is  the  date  which  we  find  in  other  documents.  His 
statement  is  as  follows. 

“ The  two  towns,  Porto  Yiejo  and  Manta,  were  founded  in  1534,  a short  distance  from 
each  other.  The  first,  with  the  name  of  the  city  of  Manta,  was  built  at  the  maritime 
port  anciently  called  Cancebi;  the  other,  with  the  title  of  the  city  of  San  Gregorio  de 
Porto  Yiejo,  was  to  the  east  of  Manta  near  the  banks  of  the  river  of  the  same  name.”  — 
Historia  Moderna,  p.  116. 

2 3 The  writer  of  the  “ Relacion  General  de  las  Poblaciones  Espanoles  del  Peru  hecha 
por  el  Licenciado  Salazar  de  Yillasante,”  states  that,  when  he  was  in  the  city  of  Porto 
Yiejo  (in  the  year  1566),  an  irruption  of  a volcano  between  El  Atacunga  and  Mulahalo, 
that  is,  Cotopaxi,  took  place,  and  that  “ the  ashes  reached  from  where  he  stood  to  Porto 
Yiejo,  and  it  rained  ashes  several  days,  as  in  Quito,  which  accumulated  on  the  ground 
to  the  height  of  a finger.”  He  devotes  a chapter  to  Porto  Yiejo  and  Manta.  From  it  we 
take  the  following  notes.  At  that  time  the  city  of  Porto  Yiejo  had  seventeen  houses, 
a monastery,  and  the  houses  of  the  cabildo.  He  says,  “ It  was  a very  hot  place,  like 
Guayaquil,  it  rained  very  much  for  six  months,  which  was  the  winter;  which  begun  in 
October,  and  sometimes  lasted  even  eight  months.  There  were  really  only  four  months  of 
summer.  Porto  Yiejo  is  six  leagues  from  the  Port  of  Manta,  where  all  the  ships  stopped 
which  came  from  Los  Reyes  (Lima)  on  the  way  to  Panama.  In  Manta  there  is  a church, 
and  near  by,  at  a distance  of  a shot  of  a cross-bow,  is  the  town  of  the  Indians,  whose 
primitive  name  was  Jocay.”  According  to  this  report,  “ it  was  the  custom  of  all  the 
Spanish  ships  of  that  period  to  stop  here  to  take  ends  and  fish  and  also  water,  which  they 
bought  from  the  Indians.  There  is  a great  lacking  of  water  in  the  summer,  and  then  the 
Indians  drink  from  some  lagoons  which  remain  from  the  winter  and  from  a well  or  two 
which  are  half  a league  from  the  town.”  He  further  states  that  these  lagoons  were  made 
by  hand,  and  that  all  the  water  which  the  Indians  used  came  from  these  lagoons  and  from 
two  wells. 

24  According  to  Juan  y Ulloa,  the  town  of  Monte  Cristi  was  first  founded  where 
Manta  is  now  located,  and  bore  this  name  until  it  was  destroyed  by  pirates,  and  the 
present  town  established. 

26  The  title  of  this  document  is,  “Relacion  de  los  Indios  Tributaries  que  hay  al 
Presente  en  Estos  Reinos  y Provincias  del  Peru,  fecha  por  Mandado  del  Senor  Marques 
de  Canete  la  Cual  se  Hizo  por  Luis  de  Morales  Figueroa,  por  el  Libro  de  las  Tasas 


113 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 

de  la  Vista  General  y por  las  Revistas  que  despnes  se  lian  Hecho  de  Algxmas  Regimientos 
qne  las  lian  Pedido,  y Razon  de  las  Tributos  que  Pagan  en  Cada  un  Aiio  a sus  Encomen- 
deros  y lo  que  Xuevamente  ban  de  Pagar  de  Servico  A S.  M.  por  el  Quinto,  Conforme  a 
suReal  Cedula  fecha  en  el  Pardo  A 1°  de  Noviembre  de  1591,  la  Cual  Dicba  Relacion  se 
Saco  por  Provincias  en  Esta  Manera.”  In  “ Coleccion  de  Documentos  Ineditos  de  Arcbivo 
de  Indias,”  Vol.  VI,  p.  48,  is  the  following  list  of  towns  and  the  number  of  Indians  paying 
tribute  in  the  Distrito  de  Puerto  Viejo:  Picoacan,  252;  Apechinque,  122;  Pipay,  106; 
Apelope,  99;  Passao  and  Patagua,  78;  Cataraina,  74;  Xipexapa  baja,  80;  Xipexapa  alta, 
61;  Tocaguas  and  Cancabo,  46;  Banchal,  42;  Pillacagua,  41;  La  Concbipa  and  Toal,  40; 
Pimpaguaci,  33;  Indios  del  Valle,  30;  Manta,  29;  Calangos,  19;  Xamixon  and  Monte 
Cristo,  16;  Charapoto,  15;  Paiquili,  14;  Picalanceme,  12;  Misbaique,  10;  Cupilde,  Lebique, 
and  Malagua,  9;  Cama,  9;  Camilloa,  7. 

26  Velasco’s  original  text  is:  — 

“Manta,  grande,  pero  casi  desierto,  el  cual  se  dilataba  desde  la  Punta  de  Santa 
Elena  hasta  la  ensenada  de  Charapoto.  Este  fue  a los  principios  de  la  era  cristiana 
(segun  dije  en  la  Historia  natural)  el  teatro  de  la  espantosa  raza  de  los  gigantes.  Elios 
consumieron  en  parte,  y en  parte  hicieron  retirar  a las  naciones  americanas,  que  antes  de 
ellos  habian  poblado  aquel  pais.  Extinquidos  los  gigantes  se  volvio  a poblar,  aunque 
poco,  de  las  otras  razas  comunes  divididas  en  nueve  tribus,  compuestas  de  los  residuos 
de  diver sas  naciones,  las  cuales  se  unieron  como  en  una  sola,  aunque  conservando  sus 
propios  nombres  de  Apichiquies,  Cancebis,  Charapotoes,  Pichotas,  Picoasaes,  Pichunsis, 
Manabies,  Jarahusas  y Jipijapas.  Se  duda  si  los  Yzapiles  eran  de  este  o del  siguiente 
Estado. 

“ Cara,  mucho  mayor,  el  cual  se  dilataba  desde  la  ensenada  de  Charapoto,  hasta  el  cabo 
de  San  Francisco,  Este  fue  el  primer  teatro  de  la  nacion  extrangera  que  se  establecio  on  el, 
viniendo  como  los  gigantes  por  el  mar.  Su  principal  cabeza  6 Regulo,  llamado  Caran,  dio 
el  nornbre  de  Cara  a la  ciudad  que  fundo  sobre  la  bahia,  donde  arribo  con  su  gente,  por  la 
cual  tomo  tambien  el  nornbre  Bahia  de  los  Caraques.  Llegaron  estos  navegando  en 
grandes  balsas,  hacia  el  aiio  de  700  u 800  de  la  era  cristiana.  Establecidos  y propagados 
aqui  por  bastantes  anos,  fueron  peregrinando  a la  parte  del  norte,  siguiendo  solamente  las 
costas,  y poco  o nada  tierra  adentro,  hasta  que  finalmente  pasaron  a Quito  por  el  rio 
de  Esmeraldas. 

“ Despues  que  dejaron  enteramente  los  paises  de  Cara,  se  volvieron  a dilatar  hasta  las 
costas  del  mar,  las  tribus  de  las  otras  naciones,  que  habitabon  tierra  adentro,  las  cuales 
todas  se  reconocieron  despues  con  el  mismo  nornbre  de  Caras,  que  heredaron  de  los  extran- 
geros.  La  tribu  que  en  lugar  de  ellos  se  establecio  en  la  bahia,  y habito  en  la  abandonada 
ciudad  de  Cara,  tenia  la  particularidad  de  comprimir  y prolongar  las  cabezas  de  los  ninos, 
como  los  Omaguas  del  Maranon.  Las  otras  tribus  fueron  de  Apecignes,  Caniloas,  Chones, 
Pasaos,  Silos,  Tosahuas,  y Jahuas.”  — Historia  del  Eeino  de  Quito  en  la  America  Meridional , 
Ano  de  1789 , pp.  4,  5. 

2 7 Juan  y Ulloa,  op.  cit.,  p.  lvi. 

28  See  Xote  6. 


2 9 Dorsey,  “ Archeological  Investigations  on  the  Island  of  La  Plata,  Ecuador.” 


114 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

3 0 Suarez  writes  as  follows : — 

“We  think  that  in  remote  times  there  arrived  in  the  Ecuadorian  territory  immigra- 
tions of  various  people,  among  which  there  appear  to  have  been  the  Quiches  of  Guatemala 
and  the  Mayas  of  Yucatan.  The  Quiches  reached  the  Gulf  of  Jambeli;  gaining  the  coast 
of  Machala,  they  entered  the  province  of  Azuay,  and  looking  for  a place  well  fitted  for  life, 
they  established  themselves  in  protected  valleys.  The  Mayas  did  not  cross  the  western 
cordilleras,  and  remained  on  the  Island  of  Puna  on  the  coast  of  Manabi.” — Atlas  Arque- 
ologica  Ecuatoriano , Text,  p.  20. 

Again,  he  says, — 

“ Among  the  emigrations  to  the  Ecuadorian  coast  we  find  also  undoubtedly  a Maya 
colony  which  was  established  between  Manta  and  Santa  Elena,  and  on  the  Island  of  Puna. 
The  port  of  Manta,  in  the  tongue  of  the  aborigines,  was  called  Jocay.  If  we  have  at 
present  the  ancient  name  in  the  Spanish  orthography,  we  see  that,  in  the  native  language 
of  the  aborigines  of  Manta,  the  first  syllable  should  be  aspirated;  we  then  have  the 
equivalent  ‘ ho,’  which  in  the  Maya  of  Yucatan  signifies  ‘ entrance ; ’ ‘ cay  ’ in  the  same 
idiom  would  be  ‘ fish.’  Thus  we  have  Jocay  interpreted  as  ‘ entrance  of  fish,’  a very  proper 
expression  to  designate  a seaport  like  Manta.  In  the  same  port  of  Manta  the  coast  people 
adored  as  a god  of  health  a great  emerald,  which,  according  to  Spanish  historians,  was 
called  ‘ Umina.’  This  name  may  be  the  equivalent  of  the  following  expression  in  Maya 
language:  ‘ Uminhah’  is  ‘the  true  grandmother  of  them.’  ‘ Mini,’  ‘ grandmother.’  ‘Hah,’ 
adjective,  which,  among  other  significations,  means  ‘ true.’  ‘ U,’  which  is  the  possessive 
pronoun,  and  corresponds  to  ‘his’  or  ‘theirs.’  And  this  signification  is  in  accordance 
with  the  history,  as  we  know  that  to  the  goddess  Umina  or  Umina  were  offered  small 
emeralds,  saying  they  were  the  greatest  gift  because  the  deity  was  the  mother  or  creator 
of  all  emeralds. 


“The  Charopoto  of  to-day  was  ‘Hapoto’  in  the  language  of  these  people.  Recon- 
structing this  word  according  to  Maya,  we  have  ‘Ahppotoc,’  that  is,  ‘savannah,’  ‘which 
rises  little  by  little.’  ‘Toe’  is  ‘level  land’  or  ‘level  plain.’  ‘Ppo’  is  ‘that  which  rises’  or 
‘that  which  is  elevated  little  by  little.’  ‘Ah’  is  an  affix  which  is  equivalent  to  a definite 
article.” — Pp.  38-40. 

“ As  we  are  treating  of  historic  investigations  we  should  not  pass  without  considering 
even  the  most  insignificant  circumstances,  and  our  attention  is  called  to  the  name  given 
to  the  point  where  the  artesian  wells  are  found  near  Jipijapa;  this  site  is  still  called 
Choconcha.  What  is  the  significance  of  this  word  ? To  what  American  language  does  it 
pertain'?  Clearly  we  know  that  it  is  not  Quichua  nor  Aymara,  neither  is  it  Yunga.  We 
give  here  a conjecture  which  is  not  destitute  of  foundation:  Choconcha  is  a word 
compounded  of  three  elements ; Chob  in  the  Maya  language  signifies  a vase  and  also  a 
hole  with  water;  con  in  the  same  language  means  a deep  vessel;  chaac  in  Maya,  among 
other  various  significations,  has  also  that  of  water;  Choconcha  may  be  then,  Chob-con- 
chaac,  a word  equivalent  to  ‘ a hole  of  deep  water  in  the  form  of  a vessel,’  or,  ‘ a deep 
vessel  with  water,  made  in  the  maimer  of  a hole  in  the  earth.’  Chad  may  be,  according  to 
this,  Chaac-he,  which  signifies  ‘ here  is  water;  ’ because  he  is  the  adverb  of  place  which 
might  be  translated  by  here  is.  Gandil  may  be  perhaps  kaan-hi;  hi,  demonstrative 
pronoun,  this  or  that ; Man,  adjective  which  may  be  translated  as  manifest  or  self-evident. 
This  is  self-evident.  And  in  fact,  in  this  place,  as  is  found  in  the  upper  part  of  Cordillera, 
the  abundance  and  freshness  of  the  vegetation  give  unquestionable  signs  of  the  presence  of 


115 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 

water.  If  our  philological  interpretations  do  not  go  very  far  astray,  then  we  must  give  to 
the  famous  Mayas  of  Yucatan  the  credit  for  these  artesian  wells  on  the  coast  of  Ecuador. 

“ The  physical  conditions  of  the  soil  are  similar  in  Manabi  and  in  Yucatan ; here, 
and  there  are  not  more  than  two  rivers,  and  there  we  find  deep  wells  for  the  supply 
of  water.”  — Historia  General  de  la  Republica  del  Ecuador , Tom.  I,  pp.  260,  261. 

31  Villavicencio,  op.  cit. 

3 2 Suarez,  op.  cit. 

33  See  article  by  Charles  Wiener,  “The  Colorado  Indians  and  the  Stone  Chairs  from 
the  Manabi  Begion”  (Bevue  d’Ethnograpliie,  Tom.  I,  pp.  454-458,  Fig.  176.  Paris,  1882). 

3 4 Suarez  gives  a very  poor  illustration  of  one  of  the  seats  of  the  human  figure  type 
in  Fig.  I A,  Lamina  XXY,  of  his  “ Atlas  Arqueologica  Ecuatoriano.”  In  the  text  accom- 
panying the  Atlas,  pp.  132-135,  he  gives  a minute  description  of  this  seat,  as  follows : — 

“ Stone  seat  which  is  one  of  those  which  are  found  in  such  abundance  in  the  province 
of  Manabi.  It  appears  that  the  natives  not  only  had  them  in  Cerro  de  Hojas,  but  also  in 
their  particular  habitation.  The  seat  whose  figure  we  present  in  our  plate  is  not  the  best 
nor  the  most  suitable  among  the  many  which  are  still  preserved  in  the  towns  and 
provinces  of  Manabi  and  Guayaquil,  but  it  is  the  only  one  which  we  have  wished  to  give 
as  an  example  of  these  objects.  These  consist  of  three  parts,  which  are : the  seat,  the 
support,  and  the  base.  The  seat  has  an  arch  of  stone,  wide  and  resting,  with  its  ends 
worked  so  as  to  protect  the  arms ; the  borders  of  this  arch  are  adorned  with  work  in  some 
seats,  but  in  the  greater  part  of  these  they  are  plain  and  without  any  adornment. 

“ The  support  is  the  most  curious  and  important  part  of  the  seat,  as  it  is  always 
formed  by  the  body  of  a man,  a woman,  or  an  animal  lying  on  its  breast,  resulting  that 
the  seat  rests  in  the  middle  of  the  back  or  on  the  shoulder ; the  legs  are  drawn  together 
and  the  arms  sometimes  are  half  contracted  in  front  of  the  breast.  . . . The  fists  are 

always  closed  and  the  head  and  the  face  elevated,  looking  from  the  front.  The  animal 
ordinarily  represented  in  these  supports  of  the  seats  is  a mammal,  a feline,  which  cannot 
be  other  than  the  American  tiger. 

“ The  base  of  all  these  seats  is  a square  plate  without  decoration  and  any  work.  As 
we  see,  these  seats  need  a back,  but  this  does  not  leave  them  without  being  commodious, 
and  above  all,  fresh  and  very  well  conditioned  for  the  warm  climates  of  the  Eastern  coast. 

“ It  is  not  possible  to  determine  now  if  the  selection  of  the  figure  with  which  the 
support  is  carved  remains  the  caprice  of  the  worker,  or  if  they  select  fixed  rules 
established  beforehand  by  religious  beliefs,  or  by  the  customs  or  civil  practices  of 
the  tribe.  Considered  under  the  point  of  view  of  art,  these  seats  are  the  only  important 
remains  of  the  attempts  at  sculpture  and  statuary  which  remain  to  us  from  the  ancient 
Ecuadorian  nations.  Some  of  these  are  very  rude  and  imperfect,  but  others  are  notable 
for  the  correctness  of  execution ; one  particularly  which  we  saw,  which  is  still  in  the  same 
Cerro  de  Hojas,  merits  to  be  called  the  master  work  of  the  aboriginal  Ecuadorians.  It 
represents  a woman  with  a crown  and  the  belt  of  modesty;  the  parts  of  the  nude  body 
reveal  easiness  of  execution  and  attentive  observation  of  nature.  The  material  of  which 
these  seats  are  made  is  a Gres,  very  hard,  and  abundant  in  the  mountains  of  the  province 
of  Manabi. 


116 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

u Cerro  de  Ilojas  was  a very  important  place  in  the  province,  and  without  any  doubt 
was  destined  for  re-union  and  religious  assemblies  of  the  towns  of  the  district.  The  land 
of  Manabi  is  liable  to  be  inundated  in  winter,  and  perhaps  for  this  motive  the  natives 
hunted  elevated  points,  less  inconvenient  in  the  time  of  the  rains.  The  number  of  these 
seats  was  very  considerable;  for  as  we  consider  the  many  which  have  been  taken  to 
carry  out  of  the  Republic  to  various  foreign  points,  and  also  the  many  which  have  been 
broken,  there  still  remain  a great  number  of  these,  such  as  in  the  aboriginal  church,  in  the 
Pueblo  of  Picoaza,  in  Jipijapa,  and  in  various  other  points.”1 

35  Bamps’s  description  of  the  Brussels  seats  is  as  follows. 

11  Two  chairs  of  very  hard  stone,  although  rather  porous,  known  under  the  name  of 
chairs  of  the  Incas.  They  have  been  discovered  in  the  province  of  Manabi,  and  were 
found  deeply  buried  in  the  ground.  The  seat  and  the  supporting  arms,  in  form  like  a 
large  and  very  short  horseshoe  with  the  ends  turned  up,  rests  on  the  back  of  a crouching 
Indian ; the  head  is  well  sculptured  in  Fig.  2,  more  defaced  in  Fig.  1 (Plate  1) ; the  body 
is  only  roughly  hewn.  Fig.  1,  height,  0.582;  width,  0.675;  depth,  0.27.  Fig.  2,  height, 
0.84;  width,  0.70;  depth,  0.30. 

u The  province  of  Manabi  formed  part  of  the  ancient  kingdom  of  the  Canaris.  It  is 
enclosed  between  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  the  Cordillera  of  the  Andes,  and  extends,  with  a 
width  of  ten  leagues,  between  the  1st  and  the  3d  degree  of  south  latitude.  The  most 
ancient  known  population  of  this  region  were  the  Yungas,  conquered  and  driven  out 
by  the  Incas : they  were  replaced  by  the  Colorado  Indians,  who  take  their  name  from  the 
red  color  with  which  they  were  in  the  habit  of  coating  the  body. 

“ These  chairs,  of  so  remarkable  a conception,  appeared  to  be  a specialty  of  the  native 
art  of  the  Canaris.  M.  de  Ville  has  seen  several  armchairs  of  stone  without  back,  and  of 
the  same  sort,  at  Guayaquil.  He  has  been  able  to  establish  an  absolute  identity  in  their 
monumental  forms ; all,  however,  do  not  come  from  the  same  spot,  but  all  belong  to  the 
same  region.  That  peculiar  piece  of  furniture  whose  use  it  is  difficult  to  guess,  affirms  in 
an  indisputable  manner  the  advanced  civilization  to  which  it  owes  its  origin.  That  which 
will  especially  attract  the  attention  of  the  archeologist  is  not  the  oddness  of  the  form,  nor 
the  refined  taste  which  it  shows,  but  the  characteristics  of  the  artistic  sculptures  which 
the  work  reveals ; these  characteristics,  in  fact,  are  quite  different  from  those  which 
one  observes  on  the  Inca  monuments,  and  yet  they  are  in  no  wise  inferior  to  them.” 

3 6 Dr.  TJhle  gives  the  following  description  of  the  stone  seat  in  Dresden. 

“ The  chair,  worked  out  of  a single  stone,  consists  of  a U-formed  seat,  a human  figure 
crouching  on  knees  and  elbows,  which  bears  the  seat  on  its  back,  and  a four-cornered 
bottom-plate  (or  base).  The  seat,  broader  below,  becomes  narrower  toward  the  top  because 
of  the  backward  slope  of  the  anterior  edge  of  the  sides.  The  horizontal  inner  portion  of 
the  seat  is  hollowed  out  like  a trough,  as  best  corresponds  to  the  convex  form  of  the  part 
of  the  human  body  concerned. 

“The  sides  converge  above,  and  have  on  the  upper  edge  a broad,  flat,  outward 
expansion.  Since  the  human  form  is  broader  below  than  at  the  breast,  and  a certain 


1 “ It  appears  to  us  at  this  point  indispensable  to  make  a historical  rectification.  Sir  Charles  Wiener  says,  in  his  work 
entitled  Peru  and  Bolivia,  that  these  seats  are  the  work  of  the  Cafiaris.  This  is  inexact ; the  Cafiaris  populated  the  inter- 
Andean  territory  of  Azuay  in  the  southern  part  of  our  Kepublic,  and  these  seats  we  find  only  in  the  province  of  Manabi,  in 
the  west  of  Ecuador,  in  the  coast  region  of  the  Pacific,  where  until  now  no  remains  have  been  discovered  of  the  Cafiaris. 
Another  thing  which  is  worthy  of  attention  is  that  of  the  relation  of  the  origin  of  precedence,  which  without  doubt  existed 
between  the  Cafiaris  and  some  of  the  ancient  native  tribes  of  Manabi.” 


117 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 

narrowing  of  the  sides  above,  together  with  the  side  expansion,  furnished  a better  support 
for  the  arms,  one  also  recognizes  in  this  last  peculiarity  of  the  chair  the  most  suitable 
provision  for  the  attainment  of  the  greatest  comfort  of  the  person  sitting  therein. 
Certainly  one  can  sit  as  comfortably  in  hardly  any  other  chair  as  in  this  one  of  stone. 

“The  seat  rests  in  part  on  the  head  of  the  human  figure,  in  part  on  a four-cornered 
piece  which  joins  the  seat  with  the  back  of  the  human  figure.  This  last  is  angular  in 
body,  arms,  and  legs.  The  four  fingers  are  bent  inward  at  the  palm,  and,  since  the  hands 
stand  on  edge,  appear  in  a row  over  each  other.  The  thumbs  can  be  recognized  lying 
above  them,  stretched  out  toward  the  front.  The  well  formed  head  is  rounded  on  the 
facial  side.  The  body,  as  a residt  of  its  position,  appears  slightly  lower  behind.  The  eyes 
and  mouth  are  incised,  the  ears  project  on  the  side,  the  nose  is  defective. 

“ On  the  forehead  is  seen  the  edge  of  a cap-like  covering,  with  a sharp  upper  edge, 
which  perhaps  extends  on  to  the  back  part  of  the  head  underneath. 

“The  dimensions  of  the  chair  are  as  follows:  Height,  85  cm.;  breadth,  75  cm.;  height 
above  ground  of  the  level  of  the  seat  at  the  anterior  edge,  55  cm.;  inside  breadth  of  seat 
below,  40  cm.,  above,  36  cm.;  length  of  seat  (from  front  to  back),  below  ca.,  40  cm.,  above 
ca.,  30  cm.;  height  of  the  sides  above  the  lowest  portion  of  the  surface  of  the  seat,  32  cm.; 
breadth  of  the  fiat  upper  expansion  of  the  sides,  20  cm. ; thickness  of  the  sides,  9-10.5  cm. ; 
length  of  the  human  figure,  39  cm.;  breadth,  31  cm.;  height,  25  cm.;  length  of  the  bottom 
plate,  28  cm. ; breadth,  45  cm. ; height,  9 cm.  (Andesite  ?)  ” 

31  Dr.  Hamy  has  described  the  seats,  collected  by  Wiener,  in  the  Trocadero,  as 
follows. 

“ Plate  XXXII  represents  still  two  other  objects  no  less  characteristic  than  that 
which  I have  just  described. 

“ Almost  all  the  large  museums  of  Europe  possess  examples,  more  or  less  well  pre- 
served, of  these  heavy  monolithic  chairs  in  stone,  discovered  in  Manabi,  and  notably  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Manta. 

“ The  galerie  americaine  (American  gallery)  of  the  Trocadero  has  received  two  of 
these  stone  chairs,  the  first  from  Dr.  Alcide  Destruges  of  Guayaquil,  who  has  lately 
made  some  archeological  researches  in  different  parts  of  the  Republic  of  Ecuador ; the 
second  from  Mr.  Charles  Wiener,  who  has  held  for  several  years  the  position  of  French 
vice-consul  at  this  same  port  of  Guayaquil,  and  whose  extensive  journeys  across  South 
America  have  been  very  fruitful  for  our  ethnographical  collections.  (Compare  Ch. 
Wiener,  ‘ Les  Indiens  Colorados  et  les  Sieges  de  Pierre  de  la  Region  de  Manabi,’ 
Revue  d’ Ethnographic,  Yol.  I,  pp.  455-458,  Fig.  176,  Paris,  1882.  Mr.  Wiener  found 
this  chair  eleven  and  a half  leagues  north  of  Manta,  July  26,  1882.)  These  two  pieces, 
as  all  the  other  monumental  pieces  of  the  same  character  collected  in  Manabi,  have 
the  form  of  a U whose  arms  may  be  of  unequal  height,  the  right  arm  being  higher 
than  the  left,  the  difference  amounting  to  4 cm.  in  the  first  chair,  and  in  the  second 
to  6 cm.  The  difference  between  the  two  arms  is  at  the  same  time  a little  larger  in 
front  than  behind,  and  although  in  the  first  case  the  distance  to  the  top  is  0.34  m. 
behind,  it  reaches  0.36  m.  in  front : in  the  second  case  the  same  measurements  amount 
respectively  to  0.345  m.  and  0.395  m. 

“To  conclude,  these  two  chairs  are  of  an  exactly  similar  type,  which  is,  moreover, 
always  reproduced  in  other  similar  objects.  They  differ,  indeed,  only  in  the  support, 
which  in  one  case  is  a man,  and  in  the  other  a fantastic  quadruped  rather  difficult  to 
determine.  It  is  perhaps  a puma. 


118 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

“ The  human  figure  of  the  chair  of  the  Destruges  Collection  rests  on  its  elbows  and 
knees,  and  supports  all  the  weight  of  the  stone  U on  its  shoulders  and  back.  The  animal 
which  supports  the  chair  of  Mr.  Wiener  rests  on  the  outward  side  of  the  legs ; and  the 
foot,  armed  with  large  claws,  is  folded  in  toward  the  breast,  but  it  has  a smooth  face 
somewhat  distorted,  in  that  the  teeth  show  in  a disagreeable  manner  and  the  two  long 
pointed  ears  stand  erect.  It  has  a neck-ornament  exactly  similar  to  that  of  the  bas-relief 
of  the  preceding  plate.  The  paws  are  shut  up,  the  shoulders  carried  forward,  forming 
two  flat  disks  at  the  sides  of  the  head.  The  elbows  touch  the  knees,  forming  a sort  of 
X : indeed,  arm  and  leg  are  poorly  indicated,  and  scarcely  detached  from  the  mass. 

“ It  is  on  the  whole  a coarse  and  rude  piece  of  work,  identically  the  same  as  is  found 
on  all  the  U-shaped  stone  carvings  we  know. 

“Mr.  Wiener  attributes  the  stone  chairs  of  Manta  to  what  he  calls  the  art  of  the 
Canaris,  ‘whose  kings  had  their  residence  farther  to  the  south,  probably  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Cuenca,  but  whose  power  certainly  extended  farther  north  than  Quito,  perhaps  as 
far  as  the  domains  of  the  Chibcha  peoples  in  Colombia;’  and  he  supposes  that  the  Colorado 
Indians  are  the  last  descendants  of  that  great  race  which  the  Incas  subdued  shortly  before 
they  themselves  became  the  victims  of  the  Spaniards. 

“M.  Uhle  (•  Kultur  und  Industrie  Sudamerikanischer  Volker’),  who  has  just  made 
known  another  chair  from  Manta  of  the  same  kind  as  that  of  Destruges,  contents  himself 
with  giving  a minute  description  of  the  object,  and  refrains  from  formulating  any 
hypothesis.  I shall  do  the  same,  regarding  it  as  imprudent  to  risk  an  ethnographical 
theory,  however  little  may  be  ventured,  regarding  the  peoples  so  little  known  as  those  who 
occupied  the  space  between  the  Chibchas  and  the  Peruvians.” 

3 8 Dr.  Harny  writes : — 

“ One  of  the  most  curious  pieces  which  has  been  brought  to  Europe,  of  the  art  of 
these  natives,  sometimes  grouped  together  by  ethnographers  under  the  name  of  Caras,  is 
assuredly  the  bas-relief  (Xo.  11,579)  which  I have  caused  to  be  reproduced  on  the  right 
half  of  Plate  XXXI  of  this  album  [Galeria  Americaine  du  Musee  d’Ethnographie  de 
Trocadero]. 

“This  sculpture,  0.4G  m.  high  and  0.381  m.  wide,  is  a simple  slab  of  fine  stone  only 
0.056  m.  thick,  on  which  some  artist  of  Manabi  has  represented  in  very  low  relief  a person 
seen  in  a frame  according  to  an  architectural  motive  rather  elementary.  Above,  in  the 
centre,  is  delineated  between  the  pilasters,  which  are  associated  in  groups  of  threes  and 
terminated  by  unornamented  capitals,  a semicircular  fan  composed  of  nine  rays,  doubly 
enframed.  On  each  side,  outside  the  pilasters,  are  displayed  two  unequal  crosses  sur- 
mounting three  or  four  irregular  quadrilaterals. 

“ The  head  of  the  figure  is  itself  surrounded  by  a curved  ornament,  also  composed  of 
small  squares  placed  side  by  side,  and  terminating  horizontally  to  the  right  and  left. 

“The  face  is  nearly  circular;  the  forehead  is  low;  the  eyes  are  fully  marked;  the  nose 
is  straight  and  prominent;  the  upper  lip  is  very  high,  and  the  position  of  the  mouth 
indicated  by  a slight  line.  The  neck  is  slender,  the  body  stocky.  The  arms  and  the  open 
legs  are  remarkably  angular.  The  forearm  is  bent  at  right  angles  to  the  upper  arm,  and 
the  hands  brought  back  to  the  level  of  the  shoulders.  The  thighs  are  spread  apart  and 
the  lower  legs  brought  together  again,  showing  the  full  width  of  the  back  of  the  enormous 
feet.  These  are  all  alike  borrowed  from  the  geometrical  forms  imposed  by  the  process  of 
weaving;  and  one  is  led,  in  comparing  this  peculiar  morphology  with  that  furnished  by  the 


1 It  is  widest  above,  and  gradually  narrows  toward  the  base. 


Saville : Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


119 


ancient  textiles  of  Peru,1  to  consider  this  bas-relief  from  Manabi  as  an  imitation  in  stone 
of  the  textiles  of  the  Inca  period.  (See  farther  on,  — Plates  XLVIII  to  L,  p.  96,  and  fol- 
lowing.) 

“ One  figure  carries  on  its  neck  a collar  with  three  rows  of  feathers,  which  returns 
to  the  type  of  the  gorget  of  certain  modern  Indians  of  the  Sierra.  His  girdle,  which 
surrounds  the  waist,  terminates  below  the  pubic  in  a large  fringed  disk.  Finally  he 
carries  in  each  hand  a large-meshed  net  formed  like  a sack,  with  which  he  threatens 
two  large  birds  which  peck  at  his  feet  with  a long,  very  thick  bill. 

“To  conclude,  this  Manabi  bas-relief  seems  to  correspond  very  well  to  some  representa- 
tions of  a hunting  divinity,  more  or  less  comparable  to  Mixcoatl  of  the  ancient  Mexicans.” 
(Cf.  Sahagun  trad,  cit.,  p.  72.) 


“We  quote  here  what  Zarate  has  to  say  about  Manabi,  with  the  exception  of  the  part 
relating  to  the  giants,  which  was  given  in  Xote  12. 

“La  gente  que  habita  debajo  de  la  linea  y en  las  faldas  della  tienen  los  gestos  ajudia- 
dos,  hablan  de  papo,  andaban  tresquilados  y sin  vestidos,  mas  que  unos  pequehos  refajos, 
con  que  cubrian  sus  vergiienzas.  Y las  indias  si  embran  y amasan  y muelen  el  pan  que 
en  toda  aquella  provincia  se  come,  que  en  la  lengua  de  las  islas  se  llama  maiz,  aunque 
en  la  del  Peru  se  llama  zara.  Los  hombres  traen  unas  camisas  cortas  hasta  el  ombligo 
y sus  vergiienzas  defuera.  Hacense  las  coronas  casi  a manera  de  frailes,  aunque  adelante 
ni  atrds  no  traen  ningun  cabello,  sino  a los  lados.  Precianse  de  traer  muehas  joyas  de  oro 
en  las  orejas  y en  las  narices,  mayormente  esmeraldas,  que  se  hallan  solamente  en  aquel 
paraje,  aunque  los  indios  no  han  querido  mostrar  los  veneros  dellas ; creese  que  nascen 
alb,  porque  se  han  hallado  algunas  mezcladas  y pegadas  con  guijarros,  que  es  serial  de 
cuajarse  dellos.  Atanse  los  brazos  y piernas  con  muehas  vueltas  de  cuentas  de  oro  y de 
plata,  y de  turquesas  menudas,  y de  contezuelas  blancas  y coloradas,  y caracoles,  sin 
consentir  traer  a las  mujeres  ninguna  cosa  destas.  Es  tierra  muy  cabente  y enferma, 
especialmente  de  unas  berrugas  muy  enconadas  que  nacen  en  el  rostro  y otros  miembros, 
que  tienen  muy  hondas  las  raices,  de  peor  cabdad  que  las  bubas.  Tienen  en  esta 
provincia  las  puertas  de  los  templos  hacia  el  oriente,  tapadas  con  unos  paramentos  de 
algodon,  y en  cada  templo  hay  dos  figuras  de  bulto  de  cabrones  negros,  ante  las  cuales 
siempre  quernan  lena.  de  arboles  que  huelen  muy  bien,  que  alb  se  crian,  y en  rompiendoles 
la  corteza,  distila  dellos  un  bcor,  cuyo  olor  trasciende  tanto,  que  da  fastidio,  y si  con  el 
untan  algun  cuerpo  muerto  y se  lo  echan  por  la  garganta,  jamas  se  corrompe.  Tambien 
hay  en  los  templos  figuras  de  grandes  sierpes,  en  que  adoran ; y demas  de  los  generales, 
tenia  cada  uno  otros  particulares,  segrm  su  trato  y oficio,  en  que  adoraban : los  Pescadores 
en  figuras  de  triburones  y los  cazadores  segun  la  caza  que  ejercitaban,  y as!  todos  los 
demas ; y en  algunos  templos,  especialmente  en  los  pueblos  que  Hainan  de  Pasao,  en  todos 
los  pilares  debos  tenian  hombres  y nihos,  crucificados  los  cuerpos,  6 los  cueros  tan  bien 
curados,  que  no  oban  mal,  y clavadas  muehas  cabezas  de  indios,  que  con  cierto  cocimiento 
las  consumen,  hasta  quedar  como  un  puno.  La  tierra  es  muy  seca,  aunque  llueve  a 


1 One  may  profitably  consult  on  this  interesting  question  of  artistic  morphology  a good  memoir  by  Mr.  William  H. 
Holmes,  entitled  A Study  of  the  Textile  Art  in  its  Relation  to  the  Development  of  Form  and  Ornament  (Extract  from 
the  Sixth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology.  Washington,  Government  Printing  Office,  1889.  4to). 


120 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

menudo ; es  de  pocas  aguas  dulces,  que  corren,  y todos  beben  de  iiozos  6 de  aguas 
rebalsadas,  que  Hainan  jagueyes;  bacen  las  casas  de  unas  gruesas  canas  que  alii  se  crian; 
el  oro  que  alii  nasce  es  de  baja  ley ; bay  pocas  frutas ; navegan  la  mar  con  canoas  falcadas, 
que  son  cavadas  en  troncos  de  arboles,  y con  balsas.  Es  costa  de  gran  pesqueria  y mucbas 
ballenas.  En  unos  pueblos  desta  provincia.  que  llamaban  Caraque,  tenian  sobre  las 
puertas  de  los  templos  unas  flguras  de  bombres  con  una  vestidura  de  la  mesma  becbura  de 
almatica  de  diacono.”  — P.  465. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  THE  ANTHROPOLOGY 

OF  ECUADOR 


Acuna,  Christoval  de. 

Nuevo  Deseubrimiento  del  Gran  Bio  de  las  Amazonas.  (Coleccion  de  Libros  que 
tratan  de  America  Baros  6 Curiosos,  Tom.  II.  Madrid,  1891.  New  edition.) 

Albornoz. 

Instruction  para  Descubrir  todas  las  Guacas  del  Piru  sus  Camayos  y Haciendas 
(MS.  en  Beal  Arcbivo  de  Indias  en  Sevilla). 

Ambrosetti,  Juan  B. 

Cabeza  Humana  Preparada  segun  el  Procedimiento  de  los  Indios  Jivaros,  del  Ecuador. 
(Anales  del  Museo  National  de  Buenos  Aires,  Tom.  IX,  Ser.  3 a,  II,  pp.  519-523. 
1903.  1 plate.) 

Andagoya,  Pascual  de  (Clements  E.  Markham,  Translator  and  Editor,  with  Notes  and  an 
Introduction). 

Narrative  of  the  Proceedings  of  Pedrarias  Davila  in  the  Provinces  of  Tierra  Firme  or 
Castilla  del  Oro,  and  of  the  Discovery  of  the  South  Sea  and  the  Coasts  of  Peru  and 
Nicaragua.  Hakluyt  Society,  No.  34.  London,  1865.  Map.  8vo. 


Anonima. 

Coleccion  de  Cartas  sobre  las  Misiones  Dominicanas  del  Oriente.  Quito,  1890.  2d  ed. 
Anonima. 

Descripcion  de  la  Gobernacion  de  Guayaquil,  pp.  247-276.  2a.  Parte  de  la  Descripcion 
de  Guayaquil,  en  que  se  trata  de  la  Ciudad  de  Puerto  Viejo  y su  distrito,  pp.  276-309. 
(Coleccion  de  Documentos  Ineditos  del  Archivo  de  Indias,  Tom.  IX.  1868.) 

Anonima  (Torres  de  Mendoza,  Editor). 

Descripcion  de  los  Pueblos  de  la  Jurisdicion  del  Corregimiento  de  la  Villa  del  Villar 
Don  Pardo,  en  la  Provincia  de  los  Purguayes.  (Coleccion  de  Documentos  Indditos 
del  Archivo  de  Indias,  Tom.  IX,  pp.  452-488.) 

Anonima. 

Ecuador.  (Bureau  of  the  American  Bepublics,  Bulletin  No.  64.  Washington,  1892. 
177  p.  Map.  8 ill.) 

Anonima. 

El  Ecuador  en  Chicago  por  el  “ Diario  de  Avisos  ” de  Guayaquil,  Ecuador.  New 
York,  1894.  xiv  + 432  p.  Profusely  illustrated. 


122 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 


Anonima. 

Informaciones  acerca  del  Seiiorio  y Gobierno  de  los  Ingas  beclias  por  Mandado  de 
Don  Francisco  de  Toledo  Yiery  del  Peru,  1570-72.  (Coleccion  de  Libros  Espanoles 
Raros  6 Curiosos,  Tom.  16,  pp.  177-259.  Madrid,  1882.) 

Anonima  (Clements  R.  Markham,  Translator  and  Editor,  with  Notes  and  an  Introduction). 
Narratives  of  the  Rites  and  Laws  of  the  Yncas.  From  the  original  Spanish  manu- 
scripts. London,  Hakluyt  Society,  1873.  xx  + 220  p.  1 plate.  3 text  figs. 

Anonima  (Marcos  Jimenez  de  la  Espada,  Editor). 

Relacion  de  los  Costumbres  Antiguas  de  los  Naturales  del  Pirn.  (Tres  Relaciones  de 
Antiguedades  Peruanas  Publicalas  el  Ministerio  de  Fomento,  pp.  135-227.  Madrid, 
1875.) 

Anonima. 

Relacion  de  los  Primeros  Deseubrimientos  de  Francisco  Pizarro  y Diego  de  Almagro, 
Sacada  del  Codice  Numero  CXX  de  la  Biblioteca  Imperial  de  Vienna.  (Coleccion  de 
Documentos  In6ditos  para  la  Historia  de  Espana,  Tom.  Y.  1842.) 

Anonima  (Marcos  Jimtmez  de  la  Espada,  Editor). 

Relaciones  Geograficas  de  Indias  Publicalas  el  Ministerio  de  Fomento.  Madrid, 
1881-97.  4 vols.  4to. 

Anonima. 

Voyage  d’Exploration  d’un  Missionnaire  Dominicain  chez  les  Tribus  Sauvages  de 
l’Equateur.  Paris,  1889. 

Avendano. 

Relacion  acerca  de  la  Idolatria  de  los  Indios  del  Arzobispado  de  Lima.  3 de  Abril  de 
1617.  (MS.  en  Real  Archivos  de  Indias  en  Sevilla.) 

Avila,  Dr.  Francisco  (Clements  R.  Markham,  Editor). 

A Narrative  of  the  Errors,  False  Gods,  and  other  Superstitions  and  Diabolical  Rites 
in  which  the  Indians  of  the  Provinces  of  Huarochiri  lived  in  Ancient  Times. 
(Contained  in  Narratives  of  the  Rites  and  Laws  of  the  Yncas.  London,  Hakluyt 
Society,  1873.) 

Balboa,  Miguel  Cavello. 

Miscellanea  Austral;  and  Historia  de  Peru.  (Published  by  Ternaux-Compans  in 
Voyages,  Relations,  et  Memoires  Originaux  pour  servir  a l’Histoire  de  l’Amerique. 
Paris,  1837-41.) 

Bamps,  Anatole. 

Les  Antiquit4s  Equatoriennes  de  Musee  Royal  d’ Antiquities  de  Bruxelles.  (Compte 
rendu  de  Congres  International  des  Americanistes,  3d  Session,  Tom.  II,  pp.  47-143. 
Brussels,  1879.  Atlas  of  40  plates.) 

Bamps,  Anatole. 

Tomebamba  Antique  Cite  de  l’Empire  des  Incas.  Louvain,  1887.  17  p. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Mandbi,  Ecuador 


123 


Bandelier,  A.  F. 

Traditions  of  Precolumbian  Earthquakes  and  Volcanic  Eruptions  in  Western  South 
America.  (American  Anthropologist,  N.S.,  Vol.  8,  No.  1,  pp.  47-81.  1906.) 

Bandelier,  A.  F. 

Traditions  of  Precolumbian  Landings  on  the  Western  Coast  of  South  America. 
(American  Anthropologist,  N.S.,  Vol.  7,  No.  2.  1905.) 

Barbarena,  Santiago. 

Origen  de  las  Tribus  Indigenas  del  Ecuador.  (Repertorio  Salvadoreiio,  pp.  13-23. 
San  Salvador,  March,  1893.) 

Barriero,  Jose  Felix  (William  Bollaert,  Translator). 

On  the  Idol  Human  Head  of  the  Jivaro  Indians  of  Ecuador.  (Transactions  of  the 
Ethnological  Society,  London,  Vol.  II,  pp.  112-115.) 

Bastian,  A. 

Die  Culturlander  des  Alten  Americas  (Peru,  Ecuador,  and  Colombia),  Vol.  I,  pp. 
47-343.  Berlin,  1879.  2 maps. 

Basurco,  Santiago  M. 

Trois  Semaines  chez  les  Indiens  Cayapas,  Republique  de  l’Ecuador.  (Tour  du  Monde, 
LXVII,  pp.  401-416.  1894.  Map  and  12  ill.) 

Bates,  H.  W. 

Central  and  South  America.  London,  1882. 

Baxley,  H.  Willis. 

What  I saw  on  the  West  Coast  of  South  and  North  America  and  at  the  Hawaiian 
Islands.  New  York,  1865.  Illustrated.  (He  visited  Guyaquil,  Manta,  Monte  Cristi, 
and  Esmeraldas.) 

Benzoni,  Girolamo. 

History  of  the  New  World,  by  Girolamo  Benzoni,  showing  his  Travels  in  America 
from  A.D.  1541  to  1556:  with  some  Particulars  of  the  Island  of  Canary.  Hakluyt 
Society,  No.  20.  London,  1857.  Illustrated. 

Betanzos,  Juan  de. 

Suma  y Narracion  de  los  Incas  que  los  Indios  Llameron  Capaccuna,  que  Fueron 
Seiiores  de  la  Ciudad  del  Cuzco  y de  Todo  lo  a Ella  Subjeto.  (Biblioteca  Hispano- 
Ultramarina,  Tom.  V.  Madrid,  Marcos  Jimenez  de  la  Espada,  1880.  21  + 140  p.) 

Bollaert,  William. 

Antiquarian,  Ethnological,  and  other  Researches  in  New  Grenada,  Equador,  Peru, 
and  Chile.  London,  1860.  279  p.  18  plates.  (Pages  71-111  are  on  the  archeology 

and  ethnology  of  Equador,  and  are  illustrated  with  2 plates,  one  of  gold  objects  from 
Cuenca.) 


124 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

Bollaert,  William. 

On  the  Ancient  or  Fossil  Pottery  found  on  the  Shores  of  Ecuador.  (Memoirs  of  the 
Anthropological  Society,  London,  Yol.  Ill,  pp.  163-166.) 

Bollaert,  William  (Translator). 

On  the  Idol  Human  Head  of  the  Jivaro  Indians  of  Ecuador.  By  Jose  Felix  Barriero. 
(Transactions  of  the  Ethnological  Society,  London,  Yol.  II,  pp.  112-115.) 

Boussingault,  M. 

Yiajes  Cientiflcos  a los  Andes  Equatoriales,  6 Colleccion  de  Memorias  sobre  Fisica, 
Quimica  e Historia  Natural  de  la  Nueva  Granada,  Ecuador,  y Venezuela.  Paris,  1849. 
343  p.  8vo. 

Castellanos,  Juan  de. 

Elegias  de  Varones  Illustres  de  Indias,  2d  ed.  (Biblioteca  de  Autores  Espanoles. 
Madrid,  1850.) 

Cevallos,  Pedro  Fermin. 

Besumen  de  la  Historia  del  Ecuador,  2d  ed.,  revised.  Guayaquil,  1886-89.  6 vols. 
Chantre  y Herrera,  Jose. 

Historia  de  las  Misiones  de  la  Compania  de  Jesus  en  el  Maranon  Espanol,  1637-1767. 
Madrid,  1901. 

Church,  George  Earl. 

Ecuador  in  1881.  (Exec.  Doc.  No.  69,  U.  S.  Senate  47,  in  Cong.  2d  Sess.  18.  Also 
reprinted  in  S.  A.  Journal,  London,  1883.) 

Cieza  de  Leon,  Pedro  de. 

Segunda  Parte  de  la  Cronica  del  Peru  que  trata  del  Senorlo  de  los  Incas  Yupanquis 
y de  sus  Grandes  Hechos  y Gobernacion.  (Biblioteca  Hispano-Ultramarina,  Tom.  Y. 
Madrid,  Marcos  Jimenez  de  la  Espada,  1880.  22  + 279  p.) 

Cieza  de  Leon,  Pedro  de. 

Tercero  Libro  de  las  Guerras  Civiles  del  Peru  el  cual  se  Llama  la  Guerra  de  Quito. 
(Biblioteca  Hispano-Ultramarina,  Torn.  I.  Madrid,  Marcos  Jimenez  de  la  Espada, 
1877.  cxix  (prologue)  + 176  (text)  + 121  (appendices)  p.) 

Cieza  de  Leon,  Pedro  de  (Clements  B.  Markham,  Translator  and  Editor,  with  Notes  and  an 
Introduction). 

The  Second  Part  of  the  Chronicle  of  Peru.  London,  Hakluyt  Society,  1883.  lx  + 
247  p. 

Cieza  de  Leon,  Pedro  de  (Clements  B.  Markham,  Translator  and  Editor,  with  Notes  and  an 
Introduction). 

The  Travels  of  Pedro  de  Cieza  de  Leon,  A.D.  1532-50.  (Contained  in  the  First  Part 
of  his  Chronicle  of  Peru.  London,  Hakluyt  Society,  1864.  lvii  -f  438  p.  Map.) 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


125 


Cobo,  Bernabe  (Marcos  Jimenez  de  la  Espada,  Editor). 

Historia  del  Nuevo  Mundo.  Published  by  the  Sociedad  de  Bibliofilos  Andaluces, 
Sevilla.  Sevilla,  1890-95.  4 vols. 

Collini,  Angel. 

Osservazioni  Etnografiche  sui  Givari.  (Memorie  dell’  Accademia  dei  Lincei.  Boma, 
1S82-83.  25  p.) 

Condamine,  Charles  Marie  de  la. 

Journal  du  Voyage  fait  par  Ordre  du  Boi  a l’Equator;  Mesure  de  trois  premiers 
Degres  du  Meridien  dan  1’ Austral.  Paris,  1751.  2 vols.  Map,  etc. 

Condamine,  Charles  Marie  de  la. 

Belation  Abregee  d’un  Voyage  fait  dans  l’lnterieur  de  l’Amerique  Meridionale. 
Depuis  la  Cote  de  la  Mer  au  Sud,  jusqu’aux  Cotes  du  Bresil  et  de  la  Guyane.  Avec 
une  Carte  dir  Maragnon,  ou  de  la  Biviere  des  Amazones.  Nouvelle  Edition,  augments 
de  la  Belation  de  l’Emeute  populaire  de  Cuenca  au  Perou.  Et  d’une  Lettre  de  M. 
Godin,  des  Odonais,  contenant  la  Belation  du  Voyage  de  Madame  Godin,  son  epouse, 
etc.  A Maestriclit.  1778.  xvi  + 379  p.  8vo.  Plate.  Map. 

Cordero,  Luis. 

Una  Excursion  a Gualaquiza  en  Abril  de  1875.  Cuenca,  1875. 

Dalton,  O.  M. 

An  Ethnographical  Collection  from  Ecuador.  Illustrated.  (Journal  of  the  Anthro- 
pological Institute  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  Vol.  27,  No.  1,  pp.  148-155.) 

Dampier,  William. 

A New  Voyage  round  the  World,  describing  particularly  the  Isthmus  of  Panama, 
Several  Coasts  and  Islands  in  the  West  Indies,  the  Isles  of  Cape  Verd,  the  Passage 
of  Terra  del  Fuego,  the  South  Sea  Coasts  of  Chili,  Peru,  and  Mexico,  etc.  London, 
1679-1709.  3 vols.  8vo.  Maps  and  illustrations. 

Dorsey,  George  A. 

Archaeological  Investigations  on  the  Island  of  La  Plata,  Ecuador.  (Field-Columbian 
Museum,  Anthropological  Series,  Vol.  II,  No.  5,  pp.  248-280,  plates  XLIII-CII,  figs. 
37-48.  Chicago,  1901.) 

Flemming,  B. 

WTanderungen  in  Ecuador.  Leipzig,  1872. 

Galindo,  Enrique  Vaca. 

Nanijukima,  Beligion,  Usos,  y Costumbres  de  los  Salvajes  del  Oriente  del  Ecuador. 
Ambato,  1895.  vii  -f-  353  p. 

Gerstacker,  Friedrich. 

Achtzen  Monate  in  Sud  Amerika.  Leipzig,  1863. 


126 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 


Habel,  S. 

The  Sculptures  of  Santa  Lucia  Cosumawliuapa  in  Guatemala,  with  an  Account  of 
Travels  in  Central  America  and  on  the  Western  Coast  of  South  America.  Ecuador, 
pp.  40-55.  (Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge,  Xo.  263.  1878.) 

Hamy,  E.  T. 

Galerie  Americaine  du  Musee  d’Ethnographie  de  Trocadero.  Paris,  1897.  2 parts. 
50  plates  with  text  descriptions. 

Hamy,  E.  T. 

Le  Tombeau  de  los  tres  Molinos,  pres  Guano  (Equateur).  Decades  Americame  1-2. 
IV,  pp.  27,  28.  Paris.  Plate. 

Hamy,  E.  T. 

Xouveaux  Eeseignements  sur  les  Indiens  Jivaros.  Decades  American*  3-4.  XXV, 
pp.  43-58.  Paris. 

Hassaurek,  F. 

Four  Years  among  Spanish-Americans.  Cincinnati,  v -j-  401  p. 

Herrera,  Antonio  de. 

Historia  General  de  los  Hechos  de  los  Castellanos  en  las  Islas  y Tierre  Firme  del  Mar 
Oceano,  2d  ed.  Madrid,  1726-30. 

Herrera,  Pablo. 

Apuntes  para  la  Historia  de  Quito.  Quito,  1874.  84  p. 

Heuzey,  L. 

Le  Tresor  de  Cuenca  (Perou).  Gazette  de  Belles  Artes.  Paris,  1870.  16  p.  1 fig. 

Holinski,  Alexandre. 

L’Equateur,  Scenes  de  la  Vie  Sud- Americaine.  Paris,  1861. 

Humboldt,  Alexander  von  (Helen  Maria  Williams,  Translator). 

Researches  concerning  the  Institutions  and  Monuments  of  the  Ancient  Inhabitants  of 
America,  with  Descriptions  and  Views  of  some  of  the  most  Striking  Scenes  in  the 
Cordilleras.  London,  1814.  2 vols.  Illustrated. 

Humboldt,  Alexander  von. 

Vues  des  Cordilleras  et  Monumens  des  Peuples  Indigenes  de  PAmerique.  2 vols. 
Folio.  69  plates.  Text. 

Icazbalceta,  Joaquin  Garcia  (Translator). 

Relacion  de  la  Conquista  del  Peru,  pp.  301-423.  By  Pedro  Sancho.  From  the 
Italian.  Mexico.  Original  text  published  by  Eamusio,  Xavegatione  et  Viaggi. 

Intercontinental  Railway  Commission. 

A Condensed  Report  of  the  Transactions  of  the  Commission  and  of  the  Surveys  and 
Explorations  of  its  Engineers  in  Central  and  South  America,  1891-98,  Part  I,  Vol.  I. 
Washington,  1898.  Text,  tables,  maps,  and  profiles. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


127 


Intercontinental  Kailway  Commission. 

Report  of  Surveys  and  Explorations  made  by  Corps  No.  2 in  Costa  Rica,  Colombia, 
and  Ecuador,  1S81,  1893,  Yol.  II.  Washington,  1896.  Text  and  tables.  Portfolio  of 
maps  and  profiles. 

Jimenez  de  la  Espada,  Marcos. 

Description  de  Palacio  del  Callo.  2 plates.  (Proceedings  of  the  International 
Congress  of  Americanists,  Tom.  II,  pp.  150-165.  Madrid,  1881.) 

Jimenez  de  la  Espada,  Marcos. 

Yaravies  Quitenos.  (Proceedings  of  the  International  Congress  of  Americanists, 
Tom.  11.  Madrid,  1881.  lxxx  p.,  of  which  71  are  music  of  songs  and  airs  collected 
in  the  vicinity  of  Quito,  Ecuador.) 

Jimenez  de  la  Espada,  Marcos  (Editor). 

Historia  del  Nuevo  Mundo.  By  Bernabe  Cobo.  Published  by  the  Sociedad  Bibliofilos 
Andaluces,  Sevilla.  Sevilla,  1890-95.  4 vols. 

Jimenez  de  la  Espada,  Marcos  (Editor). 

Memorias  Antiguas  Historiales  y Politicas  del  Peru.  By  D.  Pernando  Montesinos. 
(Coleccion  de  Libros  Espaiioles  Raros  6 Curiosos,  Tom.  16.  Madrid,  1882.  xxxii  -f 
176  p.) 

Jimenez  de  la  Espada,  Marcos  (Editor). 

Relation  de  Antiguedades  deste  Reyno  del  Piru.  By  Don  Joan  de  Santacruz 
Pachacuti  Yamqui.  (Tres  Relaciones  de  Antiguedades  Peruanas  Publicalas  el 
Ministerio  de  Fomento,  pp.  229-328.  Madrid,  1879.) 

Jimenez  de  la  Espada,  Marcos  (Editor). 

Relacion  de  los  Costumbres  Antiguas  de  los  Naturales  del  Piru.  (Tres  Relaciones  de 
Antiguedades  Peruanas  Publicalas  el  Ministerio  de  Fomento,  pp.  135-227.  Madrid, 
1875.) 

Jimenez  de  la  Espada,  Marcos  (Editor). 

Relacion  del  Origen,  Descendencia,  Politica  y Gobierno  de  los  Incas.  By  Fernando  de 
Santillan.  (Tres  Relaciones  de  Antiguedades  Peruanas  Publicalas  el  Ministerio 
de  Fomento,  pp.  1-133.  Madrid,  1879.) 

Jimenez  de  la  Espada,  Marcos  (Editor). 

Relaciones  Geograficas  de  Indias  Publicalas  el  Ministerio  de  Fomento.  Madrid, 
1881-97.  4 vols.  4to. 

Juan,  Jorge,  y Ulloa,  Antonio  de. 

Relacion  Historica  del  Yiage  a la  America  Meridional  Hecho  de  Orden  de  S.  Mag., 
followed  by  Resumen  Historico  del  Origen,  y Succession  de  los  Incas,  y demas 
Soberanos  del  Peru,  con  Noticias  de  los  Successos  mas  Notables  en  el  Reynado  de 
Cada  Uno.  Madrid,  1748.  4 vols.  Maps  and  plates. 


128 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 


Lubbock,  Jolin. 

note  on  the  Macas  Indians.  Plate,  natural  size,  colored,  of  shrunken  head.  (Journal 
of  the  Anthropological  Institute  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  Yol.  Ill,  pp.  29-31. 
1871.) 

Maldonado,  P.  Paz. 

Informacion  sobre  los  Usos,  Bitos,  y Costumbres  de  los  Puruhaes.  (MS.  en  Beal 
Archive  de  Indias  en  Sevilla.) 

Markham,  Clements  B.  (Translator  and  Editor). 

A Narrative  of  the  Errors,  False  Gods,  and  other  Superstitions  and  Diabolical  Bites 
in  which  the  Indians  of  the  Provinces  of  Huarochiri  lived  in  Ancient  Times.  By  Dr. 
Francisco  Avila.  (Contained  in  narratives  of  the  Bites  and  Laws  of  the  Yncas. 
London,  Hakluyt  Society,  1873.) 

Markham,  Clements  B.  (Translator  and  Editor). 

An  Account  of  the  Antiquities  of  Peru.  By  Juan  de  Santa  Cruz  Pachacuti-yamqui 
Salcamayhua.  (Contained  in  narratives  of  the  Bites  and  Laws  of  the  Yncas. 
London,  Hakluyt  Society,  1873.) 

Markham,  Clements  B.  (Translator  and  Editor). 

An  Account  of  the  Fables  and  Bites  of  the  Yncas.  By  Christoval  de  Molina. 
(Contained  in  narratives  of  the  Bites  and  Laws  of  the  Yncas.  London,  Hakluyt 
Society,  1873.) 

Markham,  Clements  B.  (Translator). 

First  Part  of  the  Boyal  Commentaries  of  the  Yncas.  By  Garcilasso  de  la  Yega. 
London,  Hakluyt  Society,  1871.  2 vols.  Map. 

Markham,  Clements  B.  (Translator  and  Editor). 

narrative  of  the  Proceedings  of  Pedrarias  Davila  in  the  Provinces  of  Tierra  Firme  or 
Castilla  del  Oro,  and  of  the  Discovery  of  the  South  Sea  and  the  Coasts  of  Peru  and 
nicaragua.  By  Pascual  de  Andagoya.  Hakluyt  Society,  no.  34.  London,  I860. 
8 vo.  Map. 

Markham,  Clements  B.  (Translator  and  Editor). 

narratives  of  the  Kites  and  Laws  of  the  Yncas.  From  the  original  Spanish  manu- 
scripts. London,  Hakluyt  Society,  1873.  xx  -f-  220  p.  1 plate.  3 text  figs. 

Markham,  Clements  B.  (Translator  and  Editor). 

Beport.  By  Polo  de  Ondegarde.  (Contained  in  narratives  of  the  Kites  and  Laws  of 
the  Yncas.  London,  Hakluyt  Society,  1873.) 

Markham,  Clements  B.  (Translator  and  Editor). 

The  Second  Part  of  the  Chronicle  of  Peru.  By  Pedro  de  Cieza  de  Leon.  London, 
Hakluyt  Society,  1883.  lx  + 247  p. 


Saville : Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


129 


Markliam,  Clements  E.  (Translator  and  Editor). 

The  Travels  of  Pedro  de  Cieza  de  Leon,  A.D.  1532-50.  (Contained  in  the  First  Part 
of  his  Chronicle  of  Peru.  London,  Hakluyt  Society,  1864.  lvii  + 438  p.  Map.) 

Mendoza,  Torres  de  (Editor). 

Descripcion  de  los  Pueblos  de  1a.  Jurisdicion  del  Corregimiento  de  la  Yilla  del  Villar 
Don  Pardo,  en  la  Provincia  de  los  Purguayes.  (Coleccion  de  Documentos  Ineditos 
del  Archivo  de  Indias,  Tom.  IX,  pp.  452-488.) 

Merisalde  y Santisteban,  Joaquin  de. 

Eelacion  Historica  Politica  y Moral  de  la  Ciudad  de  Cuenca.  (Coleccion  de  Libros 
que  tratan  de  America  Baros  6 Curiosos,  Tom.  XI.  Madrid,  1894.) 

Merritt,  J.  King. 

Bemarks  on  the  Mummied  Heads  taken  from  the  Jivaro  Indians  of  Ecuador.  (Bulletin 
of  the  Proceedings  of  the  American  Ethnological  Society,  January-March,  1863, 
pp.  13-16.) 

Molina,  Christoval  de  (Clements  E.  Markham,  Translator  and  Editor). 

An  Account  of  the  Eables  and  Bites  of  the  Yncas.  (Contained  in  Xarratives  of  the 
Eites  and  Laws  of  the  Yncas.  London,  Hakluyt  Society,  1873.) 

Montenegro. 

Itinerario  para  parrocos  de  Indios.  Amberes,  1726. 

Montesinos,  D.  Fernando  (Marcos  Jimenez  de  la  Espada,  Editor). 

Memorias  Antiguas  Historiales  y Politicas  del  Peru.  (Coleccion  de  Libros  Espauoles 
Baros  6 Curiosos,  Tom.  16.  Madrid,  1882.  xxxii  -f-  176  p.) 

Moreno,  Maiz. 

Tete  d’Indien  Jivaro  (Peru  oriental)  conservee  momifee  par  un  procede  particulier, 
avec  quelques  renseignements  sur  les  Jivaros.  (Bulletin  Societe  d’Anthropologie 
de  Paris,  Tom.  Ill,  p.  185.  1862.) 

Myers,  H.  M.  and  P.  Y.  X. 

Life  and  Nature  under  the  Tropics.  New  York,  1871.  Svo. 

Oliva,  Anello. 

Historia  del  Eeino  y Provincias  del  Peru,  de  sus  Incas  Eeyes  Descubrimiento  y 
Conquista  por  los  Espauoles,  con  otras  Singularidades  concernientes  a la  Historia, 
Escrito  en  1598,  y publicado  despues  de  tres  siglos  por  J.  Pazos  Varela,  Lima,  1895. 
8vo.  xxxi  + 217  p. 

Ondegarde,  Polo  de  (Clements  E.  Markham,  Translator  and  Editor). 

Eeport.  (Contained  in  Narratives  of  the  Bites  and  Laws  of  the  Yncas.  London, 
Hakluyt  Society,  1873.) 

Orbigny,  Alcide  de. 

L’Homme  Americain  (de  l’Amerique  M^ridionale)  considere  sous  ses  Bapports  Physi- 
ologiques  et  Moraux.  2 vols.  Svo.  xxviii  + 423  p. ; iv  312  and  4to  atlas,  15  plates, 
and  map. 


130 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 


Orton,  James. 

The  Andes  and  the  Amazon ; or,  across  the  Continent  of  South  America.  3d  ed., 
revised.  New  York,  1871.  xxii  + G45  p.  Map  and  ills. 

Osculati,  Gaetano. 

Esplorazione  delle  Regione  Eqnatoriali  Lunge  il  Nape  ed  il  flume  delle  Amazzoni,  etc. 
Milano,  1850.  8vo.  36  p. 

Pachacuti  Yamqui,  Don  Joan  de  Santacruz  (Marcos  Jimenez  de  la  Espada,  Editor). 

Relacion  de  Antiguedades  deste  Reyno  del  Piru.  (Tres  Eelaciones  de  Antiguedades 
Peruanas  Publicalas  el  Ministerio  de  Fomento,  pp.  229-328.  Madrid,  1879.) 

Pector,  Desire. 

Notes  sur  l’Americainisme  quelques-une  de  ses  Lacunes  en  1900.  Ecuador,  pp.  110-123. 
Paris,  1900. 

Phillipi,  Eudolfo  A. 

Una  Cabeza  hiunana  adorada  como  Dios  entre  los  Jivaros  (Ecuador).  Anales  de  la 
Universidad  de  Santiago  de  Chile. 

Pigorini,  L. 

Di  alcuni  oggetti  etnologici  dell’  Ecuador  posseduti  del  Museo  preistorico  ed  etno- 
grafico  de  Eoma.  Atti  de’  Lincei  Mem.  Cl,  Ser.  3,  Vol.  VII,  pp.  36-46.  2 plates. 

Pio  Montufar  y Frasco,  Juan. 

Eazon  sobre  el  Estado  y Gobernacion  Politica  y Militar  de  la  Jurisdiction  de  Quito 
en  1754.  (Coleccion  de  Libros  que  tratan  de  America  Earos  6 Curiosos,  Tom.  XI. 
Madrid,  1894.) 

Pizarro,  Pedro. 

Eelaciones  del  Descubrimiento  y Conquista  de  los  Eeynos  del  Peru.  (Coleccion  de 
Documentos  Ineditos  para  la  Historia  de  Espana,  Tom.  V,  pp.  201-388.  1842.) 

Prescott,  William  H. 

History  of  the  Conquest  of  Peru,  with  a Preliminary  View  of  the  Civilization  of  the 
Incas.  Philadelphia,  1874.  2 vols. 

Eeiss,  W. 

Carta  del  Dr.  W.  Eeiss,  A.S.E.,  el  Presidente  de  la  Eepublica  sobre  sus  Yiajes  a las 
Montanas  del  sur  de  la  Capital.  Quito,  1873.  22  p. 

Rivet,  Dr. 

Etude  sur  los  Indiens  de  la  Rdgion  de  Eiobamba.  (Journal  de  la  Socidtd  des  Amer- 
icanistes  de  Paris,  N.S.,  Yol.  I,  No.  1,  pp.  58-80.  1903.) 

Rivet,  Dr. 

Le  Christianisme  et  les  Indiens  de  la  Republique  de  l’Equateur.  (L’Anthropologie, 
Yol.  XVII,  Nos.  1,  2,  pp.  81-101.  Paris,  1896.  1 plate,  9 text  figs.) 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


131 


Rivet,  Dr. 

/ 

Los  Indiens  Colorados.  Recit  de  Voyage  et  Etude  Ethnologique.  (Journal  Societe 
des  Americanistes  de  Paris,  N.S.,  Vol.  II,  No.  2,  pp.  117-208.  1905.  5 plates,  1 tig.) 

Sanclio,  Pedro  (Joaquin  Garcia  Icazbalceta,  Translator). 

Relacion  de  la  Conquista  del  Peru,  pp.  301-123.  From  the  Italian.  Mexico. 
Original  text  published  by  Ramusio,  Navegatione  et  Viaggi. 

Santillan,  Fernando  de  (Marcos  Jimenez  de  la  Espada,  Editor). 

Relacion  del  Origen,  Descendencia,  Politica  y Gobierno  de  los  Incas.  (Tres  Relaci- 
ones  de  Antiguedades  Peruanas  Publicalas  el  Ministerio  de  Fomento,  pp.  1-133. 
Madrid,  1879.) 

Seler,  Eduard. 

Notizen  liber  die  Sprache  der  Colorados  von  Ecuador,  pp.  3-17.  Naclitrag  A,  Die 
Verwandten  Sprachen  der  Cayapa  und  der  Colorados  von  Ecuador,  pp.  18-48.  Nach- 
trag  B,  Die  Sprache  der  Indianer  von  Esmeraldas,  pp.  49-64.  (Gesammelte  Abhand- 
lungen  zur  Amerikanischen  Sprach-  und  Alter-  thumskunde,  Vol.  I.  Berlin,  1902.) 

Seler,  Eduard. 

Peruanische  Alterthumer  Insbesondere  Alterperuanische  Gefasse  der  Chibcha  und  der 
Tolima-und-Cauca-Staume,  Goldschmuck,  etc.  Herausgegeben  von  der  Verwaltung 
des  Koniglichen  Museums  fur  Volkerkunde  zu  Berlin.  Berlin,  1893.  Folio,  xiv  p. 
64  plates.  Plate  XL VIII,  Ecuador;  plates  XLIX-LXIV,  Colombia. 

Senez6,  Vidal. 

Viaje  de  Vidal  Seneze  y Juan  Noetzli  por  los  Republicas  del  Ecuador  y del  Peru, 
1876-77.  (Bol.  Soc.  de  Geographic  Paris.  Trimestre  4.  1885.) 

Simson,  Alfred. 

Notes  on  the  Jivaros  and  Canelos  Indians.  (Journal  of  the  Anthropological  Institute 
of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  Vol.  IX,  pp.  385-393.  1880.) 

Simson,  Alfred. 

Notes  on  the  Piojes  of  the  Putomayo.  (Journal  of  the  Anthropological  Institute  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  Vol.  VIII,  pp.  210-222.  1879.) 

Simson,  Alfred. 

Notes  on  the  Zaparos.  (Journal  of  the  Anthropological  Institute  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  Vol.  VII,  pp.  502-510.  1878.) 

Simson,  Alfred. 

Travels  in  the  Wilds  of  Ecuador  and  the  Exploration  of  the  Putomayo  River. 
London,  1877.  v + 270  p.  Map. 

Simson,  Alfred. 

Vocabulary  of  the  Zaparo  Language.  (Journal  of  the  Anthropological  Institute  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  Vol.  VIII,  pp.  223-227.  1879.) 


132 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 

Stevenson,  W.  B. 

A Historical  and  Descriptive  Narrative  of  a Twenty  Years’  Residence  in  South 
America.  London,  1825.  3 vols. 

Stubel,  Alphons. 

Carta  de  Dr.  A.  Stubel,  A.S.E.,  el  Presidente  de  la  Republica  sobre  sus  Yiajes  a las 
Montanas  Chimborazo,  Altar,  y en  especial  sobre  sus  Ascensiones  al  Tunguragua  y 
Cotapaxi.  Quito,  1873. 

Stubel,  Alphons. 

Skizzen  aus  Ecuador.  Illustrirter  Katalog  Ausgestellter  Bilder.  Berlin,  1886.  4to. 
xiii  + 96  p.  63  ill. 

Stubel,  A.  y W.  Reiss. 

Indianer-typen  aus  Ecuador  und  Colombia.  Berlin,  1888.  Albun  8vo.  1 table, 
28  plates. 

Stubel,  A.,  W.  Reiss,  B.  Koppel,  y M.  Uhle. 

Kultur  und  Industrie  Sudamerikischer  Yolker.  Nacli  den  in  Besitze  des  Museums  fur 
Volkerkunde  zu  Leipzig  Beflndlichen  Sammlungen.  Text  und  Beschreibung  der 
Tafeln  von  Max  Dkle.  Berlin,  1889.  2 vols.  Folio.  Erster  Band,  Alte  Zeit. 

Zweiter  Band,  Neve  Zeit.  Text  and  plates.  Many  plates  devoted  to  the  archeology 
and  ethnology  of  Ecuador  and  Colombia. 

Suarez,  Federico  Gonzalez. 

Estudio  Historico  sobre  los  Caharis  Antiguos  Habitantes  de  la  Provincia  del  Azuay 
en  la  Republica  del  Ecuador.  Quito,  1878.  8 + 55  p.  5 plates. 

Suarez,  Federico  Gonzalez. 

Historia  General  de  la  Republica  del  Ecuador,  and  Atlas  Arqueologica  Ecuatoriano. 
Quito,  1890-1903.  9 vols.  The  atlas,  published  1892,  contains  text,  xiii  -j-  210  p. 

I-XL1V  plates.  Plates  XI-XIX  are  of  antiquities  from  the  coast. 

Suarez,  Federico  Gonzalez. 

Investigaciones  Arqueoligicas  sobre  los  Aborigenes  del  Carchi  y de  Imbabura.  Quito. 
Suarez,  Federico  Gonzalez. 

Prehistoria  Ecuatoriana.  Ligeras  Reflexiones  sobre  las  Razas  Indigenas  que  Pobla- 
ban  Antiguamente  el  Territorio  Actual  de  la  Republica  del  Ecuador.  Quito,  1901. 
v + 87  p.  5 plates. 

Terry,  Adrian  R. 

Travels  in  the  Equatorial  Region  of  South  America  in  1832.  Hartford,  1834.  290  p. 
Plate. 


Yega,  Garcilasso  de  la  (Clements  R.  Markham,  Translator). 

First  Part  of  the  Royal  Commentaries  of  the  Yncas.  London,  Hakluyt  Society,  1871. 
2 vols.  Map. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


133 


Velasco,  Juan  de. 

Historia  del  Reino  de  Quito  en  la  America  Meridional,  Ano  de  1789.  Tom.  I,  que 
contiene  la  Historia  Natural.  2 -)-  iii  -J-  231  -f-  5 p.  Quito,  1844.  Tom.  II,  que  contiene 
la  Historia  Antigua.  2 + iii  + 210  -+-  2 p.  Quito,  1841.  Tom.  Ill,  que  contiene  la 
Historia  Moderna.  2 vii  -f-  252  + 8 p.  Quito,  1842. 

Viaje  del  Capitan  Pedro  Texeira  Aguas  Arriba  del  Rio  de  las  Amazonas,  1638-39. 
Madrid,  Marcos  Jimenez  de  la  Espada,  1889.  131  p.  Map. 

Vigne,  G.  T. 

Travels  in  Mexico,  South  America,  etc.  London,  1863.  2 vols.  (Travelled  from 
Guayaquil  to  Riobamba,  Quito,  Popoyan,  and  direct  to  Bogota.) 

Villavicencio,  Manuel. 

Geografia  de  la  Republica  del  Ecuador.  New  York,  1858.  ix  -f-  505  p.  Plates,  maps. 

Villavicencio,  Manuel. 

Para  la  Historia  del  Ecuador.  Quito,  1891. 

Vincent,  Frank. 

Around  and  about  South  America,  Twenty  Months  of  Quest  and  Inquiry.  New  York, 
1891.  xxiv  -f  473  p.  Maps,  plans,  and  illustrations. 

Wagner,  Moritz  Friedrich. 

Reisen  in  Ecuador.  Berlin,  1864. 

Whymper,  Edward. 

Travels  amongst  the  Great  Andes  of  the  Equator.  New  York,  1894.  xxiv  -j-  459  p. 
Maps  and  illustrations. 

Wiener,  Charles. 

Les  Indiens  Colorados  et  les  Sieges  de  Pierre  de  la  Region  de  Manabi.  1 fig.  (Revue 
d’Ethnographie,  Vol.  I,  pp.  454-458.  Paris,  1882.) 

Williams,  Helen  Maria  (Translator). 

Researches  concerning  the  Institutions  and  Monuments  of  the  Ancient  Inhabitants  of 
America,  with  Descriptions  and  Views  of  some  of  the  most  Striking  Scenes  in  the 
Cordilleras.  By  Alexander  von  Humboldt.  London,  1814.  2 vols.  Illustrated. 

Wilson,  J.  S. 

Geological  Notes  of  the  Pacific  Coast  of  Ecuador,  and  on  some  Evidences  of  the 
Antiquity  of  Man  in  that  Region.  1 text  illustration,  cross-section  of  Point  at 
Chancama,  Esmeraldas.  (Quarterly  Journal  of  the  Geological  Society  of  London, 
Vol.  XXII,  Part  I,  pp.  567-570.  1886.) 

Wolf,  Theodor. 

Geografia  y Geologia  del  Ecuador.  Leipzig,  1892.  xii  + 671  p.  12  plates,  2 maps, 
47  text  illustrations. 


134 


Contributions  to  South  American  Archeology 


Wolf,  Theodor. 

Hieroglyphische  Steininschrift  aus  Ecuador.  2 figures  of  pictographs  on  rocks  near 
Eio  Caluguru  near  Santa  Eosa,  cordillera  of  Cliilla.  (Verliandlungen  der  Berliner 
G-esellschaft  fur  Ethnologie,  pp.  222,  223.  1880.) 

Wolf,  Theodor. 

Viajes  Cientificos  por  la  Eepublica  del  Ecuador,  Tom.  I (Eelacion  de  un  Yiaje 
Geognostico  por  la  Provincia  de  Loja  con  una  Carta  Geografica  y otra  Geologica). 
Guayaquil,  1879.  iv  + 59  p. 

Wolf,  Theodor. 

Viajes  Cientificos  por  la  Eepublica  del  Ecuador,  Tom.  II  (Eelacion  de  un  Viaje 
Geognostico  por  la  Provineia  del  Azuay  con  una  Carta  Geografica  y otra  Geologica). 
Guayaquil.  78  p. 

Wolf,  Theodor. 

Viajes  Cientificos  por  la  Eepublica  del  Ecuador,  Tom.  Ill  (Memoria  sobre  la 
Geografia  y Geologia  de  la  Provincia  de  Esmeraldas  con  una  Carta  Geografica). 
Guayaquil,  1879.  87  p. 

Zarate,  Agustin. 

Historia  del  Descubrimiento  y Conquista  de  la  Provincia  del  Peru,  y de  las  Guerras  y 
Cosas,  Senaladas  en  Ella,  Acaecidas  hasta  el  Vencimiento  de  Gonzalo  Pizarro  y de 
sus  Secuaces,  que  en  Ella  se  Eebelaron  contra  su  Majestad.  (Biblioteca  de  Autores 
Espanoles.  Historiadores  Primitivos  de  Indias.  Tom.  2,  pp.  459-574.  Madrid,  1853.) 

Xerez,  Francisco  de. 

Verdadera  Eelacion  de  la  Conquista  del  Peru.  (Coleccion  de  Libros  que  tratan  de 
America  Earos  6 Curiosos,  Tom.  I.  Madrid,  1891.  176  p.) 


J 


House  in  Monte  Cristi  : Cerro  Bravo  in  the  background. 


Jf 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador. 


Hotel  in  Monte  Cristi  : Hill  of  Monte  Cristi  in  the  background.  House  in  Monte  Cristi. 


, 1 J 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador. 


Plate  III. 


Town  of  Picoaza. 


Ruins  of  mouses  in  the  Cerro  de  Mojas  where  stone  seats  are  found. 


HELIOTYPE  CO.,  BOSTON. 


Seat  from  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 


ro 


u> 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador.  Plate  IV. 


Seat  from  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador.  Plate  V. 


Seat  from  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador.  Plate  VI 


Seat  from  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador.  Plate  VII 


Seat  from  Cerro  de  IIojas. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador.  Plate  VIII. 


Seats  from  Cerro  de  Hojas 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador.  Plate  IX. 


Seats  from  Cerro  de  Hojas 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador.  Plate  X. 


) 


Seats  from  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 


r<siry‘j2 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador.  Plate  XI. 


Seats  from  Cerro  Jupa  and  Cerro  Jaroncillo. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador.  Plate  XII 


Seats  from  Cerro  de  Hojas,  and  Cerro  Jahoncillo. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador.  Plate  XIII 


Broken  Seats  from  Cerro  i>e  IIojas. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador.  Plate  XIV. 


Seat  from  Cerro  Agua  Nuevo. 


Seat  from  Cerro  de  I Iojas 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador.  Plate  XVI. 


HELIOTYPE  CO.,  BOSTON 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador. 


Seats  from  Cerro 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador.  Plate  XVIII. 


c r 
w 
> 


CQ 

P 

<1 


> 

a 

ct 

H 1 • 

hQ 

d 


O 

Hh 


P 

P 

P 

a" 


X 

o 

P 

P 

a. 

o 

d 


TJ 

t — > 

p 

ct 

CD 

X 

l— i 

X 


HELIOTYPE  CO.,  BOSTON. 


O 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador. 


Seats  from  Cerro  Jupa,  and  Cerro  Agua  Nuevo. 


' f.  '* 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador.  Plate  XXI. 


Seats  from  Cerro  de  Hojas. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador.  Plate  XXII. 


Seat  from  Cerro  de  IIojas 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador.  Plate  XXIII 


Seat  from  Cerro  de  IIojas. 


ro 


u> 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador.  Plate  XXIV. 


Seat  from  Cerro  Agua  Nuevo. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador.  Plate  XXV. 


HELIOTYPE  CO.,  BOSTON. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador.  Plate  XXVI. 


Saville:  Airticjriities  of  IManabi,  Ecuador. 


Plate  XXVII. 


Seats  from  Cerro  Jaboncillo,  and  Cerro  Agua  Nuevo. 


HELIOTYPE  CO.,  BOSTON. 


Human  Figures  from  Cerro  dr  IIojas. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador. 


Human  Figures  from  Cerro  de  IIojas. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador. 


Human  Figures  from  Cerro  de  IIojas. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador. 


Plate  XXXI. 


Animal  Figure  from  Cerro  de  Hojas. 


HELIOTYPE  CO.,  BOSTON. 


Animal  Sculpti  res  from  Cerro  de  IIojas. 


I — 1 

p 

ct~ 

0 

X 

M 

X 

f — ( 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador. 


Columns  from  Cerro  de  IIojas. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador.  Plate  XXXIII. 


Columns  from  Cerro  de  IIojas. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador. 


Plate  XXXV. 


U ■ . ' .:0,"  , 


■ W V 5»w.v 


: .mw-Mn 


■■  U^iy 


,i  ; .'  •««*  $$i 


SVji'.Vi 


Bas-reliefs  from 


Cerro  Jaboncillo. 


HELIOTYPE  CO.,  BOSTON. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador. 


Plate  XXXVI. 


Bas-reliefs  from  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 


HELIOTYPE  CO.,  BOSTON. 


Fragments  of  Bas-reliefs  from  Cf.rro  Jaroncillo. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador.  Plate  XXXVII. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador. 


Plate  XXXVIII. 


Bas-relief  from  Cerro  Jahoncillo. 


HELIOTYPE  CO.,  BOSTON. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador. 


Plate  XXXIX. 


Bas-relief  from  Cerro  Jaboncillo. 


HELIOTYPE  CO.,  BOSTON. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador.  Plate  XL. 


I 


HELIOTYPE  CO.,  BOSTON. 


Tl 

i — 1 

P 

cd" 

X 

t-1 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador. 


Plate  XLH. 


Copper  Objects,  Tottery  Vessels  and  Stamps, 


Designs  on  Spindle-Whorls. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador. 


XLIV. 


17 


Designs  on  Spindle-Whorls. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador. 


Plate  XLV. 


Designs  on  Spindle-Whorls. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador. 


Plate  XL VI. 


Designs  on  Spindle-Whokls. 


\ 


\ 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador. 


Plate  XL VIII. 


Designs  on  Spindle-Whorls. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador. 


Plate  XLIX. 


4 


13 


14 


15 


Whistles, 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador. 


Plate  L 


Whistles. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


Plate  LI 


Human  Figures, 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


Plate  LIT 


Human  Heads, 


% 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador, 


Plate  Lin, 


Human  Heads. 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador. 


Plate  LIV. 


Human  Heads  and  Fragment  of  Vessel, 


Saville:  Antiquities  of  Manabi,  Ecuador 


Plate  LV 


Animal  Heads. 


I 


\ 


I 


